Supratherapeutic Posaconazole Concentration in a Pediatric Transplant Patient With Confirmed Infection.

There are a limited number of studies that guide dosing of posaconazole delayed-release (DR) tablets for the pediatric population. Current FDA-approved doses are only recommended for patients 13 years and older. For younger patients, providers are faced with the challenge of recommending posaconazole doses extrapolated from adult studies or choosing an alternative agent.

Omission of Right Hemicolectomy May be Safe for Some Appendiceal Goblet Cell Adenocarcinomas: A Survival Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Background: Appendiceal goblet cell adenocarcinomas (GCC) are rare tumors with clinical behavior between classic carcinoids and adenocarcinomas. Current guidelines recommend right hemicolectomy for all GCCs.

Patients And Methods: The National Cancer Database was retrospectively queried for appendiceal GCCs undergoing appendectomy or right hemicolectomy between 2004 and 2016.

The Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Non-Metastatic Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix: An 11-Year Experience from the National Cancer Database.

Background: Goblet cell carcinoids (GCC) are an aggressive, albeit rare, subtype of appendiceal tumors that exhibit distinct histologic features and lack clear treatment guidelines. We aimed to ascertain the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for GCC in a national cohort of patients.

Methods: Patients who underwent a right hemicolectomy for stage I-III GCC of the appendix between 2006 and 2016 were selected from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Neoadjuvant therapy versus upfront surgery for early-stage left-sided pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A propensity-matched analysis from a national cohort of distal pancreatectomies.

Background: There are limited data on the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for early-stage distal pancreas adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previous studies focused on adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas or dealt with borderline and locally advanced tumors of the body and tail.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of the National Cancer Database between 2006 and 2015.

Longitudinal Echocardiographic Assessment of Coronary Arteries and Left Ventricular Function following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Myocardial dysfunction and coronary artery dilation have been reported in the acute setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Through a longitudinal echocardiographic single-center study of 15 children, we report the short-term outcomes of cardiac dysfunction and coronary artery dilation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

Oncolytic virus promotes tumor-reactive infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using tumor-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has demonstrated success in patients where tumor-antigen specific TILs can be harvested from the tumor, expanded, and re-infused in combination with a preparatory regimen and IL2. One major issue for non-immunogenic tumors has been that the isolated TILs lack tumor specificity and thus possess limited in vivo therapeutic function. An oncolytic virus (OV) mediates an immunogenic cell death for cancer cells, leading to elicitation and dramatic enhancement of tumor-specific TILs.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19: A New York City experience.

In December 2019, the 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in Wuhan, China. This has now spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by March 2020. Initially, the pediatric population was described as a low risk for severe COVID-19.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (MIS-C): A Multi-institutional Study from New York City.

Objective: To assess clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Study Design: Children with MIS-C admitted to pediatric intensive care units in New York City between April 23 and May 23, 2020, were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected.

Role of Adjuvant Multimodality Therapy After Curative-Intent Resection of Ampullary Carcinoma.

Importance: Ampullary adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that arises within the duodenal ampullary complex. The role of adjuvant therapy (AT) in the treatment of ampullary adenocarcinoma has not been clearly defined.

Objective: To determine if long-term survival after curative-intent resection of ampullary adenocarcinoma may be improved by selection of patients for AT directed by histologic subtype.

A Combination of Robotic Approach and ERAS Pathway Optimizes Outcomes and Cost for Pancreatoduodenectomy.

Objective: To determine the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway implementation on outcomes, and cost of robotic and open pancreatoduodenectomy.

Background: ERAS pathways have shown benefit in open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD). The impact of ERAS on robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) is unknown.

Superagonist IL-15-Armed Oncolytic Virus Elicits Potent Antitumor Immunity and Therapy That Are Enhanced with PD-1 Blockade.

Oncolytic immunotherapy is a promising novel therapeutic for cancer, and further preclinical studies may maximize its therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we construct a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) expressing a superagoinst IL-15, a fusion protein of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha. This virus, named vvDD-IL15-Rα, possesses similar replication efficiency as the parental virus vvDD yet leads to significantly more regression of the disease and extends the survival of mice bearing MC38 colon or ID8 ovarian cancer.

The Beneficial Effects of Minimizing Blood Loss in Pancreatoduodenectomy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of intraoperative blood loss on outcomes following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD).

Background: The negative impact of intraoperative blood loss on outcomes in PD has long been suspected but not well characterized, particularly those factors that may be within surgeons' control.

Methods: From 2001 to 2015, 5323 PDs were performed by 62 surgeons from 17 institutions.

Postoperative narcotic use is associated with development of clinically relevant pancreatic fistulas after distal pancreatectomy.

Background: Various strategies to decrease postoperative pancreatic fistula after a distal pancreatectomy have proved unsuccessful. Because narcotics can cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and thereby increase pressure within the pancreatic duct stump, we hypothesized that increased narcotic use would be associated with increased occurrence of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of consecutive distal pancreatectomies (2011-2016) was performed.

Ketorolac use may increase risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background: Ketorolac (Toradol), a commonly used nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the postoperative period, has been associated with increased risk of anastomotic leak after colon resection. The effect of postoperative NSAID and ketorolac use on postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is unknown.

Methods: Retrospective review of consecutive PDs at a high-volume pancreas center from 2012 to 2015.

Identification of an Optimal Cut-off for Drain Fluid Amylase on Postoperative Day 1 for Predicting Clinically Relevant Fistula After Distal Pancreatectomy: A Multi-institutional Analysis and External Validation.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between drain fluid amylase value on the first postoperative day (DFA1) and clinically relevant fistula (CR-POPF) after distal pancreatectomy (DP), and to identify the cut-off of DFA1 that optimizes CR-POPF prediction.

Background: DFA1 is a well-recognized predictor of CR-POPF after pancreatoduodenectomy, but its role in DP is largely unexplored.

Methods: DFA1 levels were correlated with CR-POPF in 2 independent multi-institutional sets of DP patients: developmental (n = 338; years 2012 to 2017) and validation cohort (n = 166; years 2006 to 2016).

Characterization and Optimal Management of High-risk Pancreatic Anastomoses During Pancreatoduodenectomy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the optimal fistula mitigation strategy following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background: The utility of technical strategies to prevent clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) may vary by the circumstances of the anastomosis. The Fistula Risk Score (FRS) identifies a distinct high-risk cohort (FRS 7 to 10) that demonstrates substantially worse clinical outcomes.

Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Conceptual Evolution, Current Strategies, and Future Perspectives.

The concept of oncolytic virus (OV)-mediated cancer therapy has been shifted from an operational virotherapy paradigm to an immunotherapy. OVs often induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells, and they may interact directly with immune cells as well to prime antitumor immunity. We and others have developed a number of strategies to further stimulate antitumor immunity and to productively modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) for potent and sustained antitumor immune cell activity.

A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of Robotic vs Open Pancreatoduodenectomy on Incidence of Pancreatic Fistula.

Importance: The adoption of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) is gaining momentum; however, its impact on major outcomes, including pancreatic fistula, has yet to be adequately compared with open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD).

Objective: To demonstrate that use of RPD does not increase the incidence of clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) compared with OPD.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data were accrued from 2846 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomies (OPDs, n = 2661; RPDs, n = 185), performed by 51 surgeons at 17 institutions worldwide (2003-2015).

Grading of Surgeon Technical Performance Predicts Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula for Pancreaticoduodenectomy Independent of Patient-related Variables.

Objective: To evaluate and quantify surgical skill by grading surgical performance of the pancreaticojejunostomy from robotic pancreaticoduodenectomies (RPDs). We hypothesized that video grading of surgical performance would contribute to estimating risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background: POPF majorly contributes to pancreaticoduodenectomy morbidity.

Incorporation of Procedure-specific Risk Into the ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator Improves the Prediction of Morbidity and Mortality After Pancreatoduodenectomy.

Objective: This multicenter study sought to evaluate the accuracy of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program's (ACS-NSQIP) surgical risk calculator for predicting outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and to determine whether incorporating other factors improves its predictive capacity.

Background: The ACS-NSQIP surgical risk calculator has been proposed as a decision-support tool to predict complication risk after various operations. Although it considers 21 preoperative factors, it does not include procedure-specific variables, which have demonstrated a strong predictive capacity for the most common and morbid complication after PD - clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF).

Human cytomegalovirus modulates monocyte-mediated innate immune responses during short-term experimental latency in vitro.

Unlabelled: The ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to establish lifelong persistence and reactivate from latency is critical to its success as a pathogen. Here we describe a short-term in vitro model representing the events surrounding HCMV latency and reactivation in circulating peripheral blood monocytes that was developed in order to study the immunological consequence of latent virus carriage. Infection of human CD14(+) monocytes by HCMV resulted in the immediate establishment of latency, as evidenced by the absence of particular lytic gene expression, the transcription of latency-associated mRNAs, and the maintenance of viral genomes.