The Trend of Tuberculosis Case Notification Rates from 1995 to 2022 by Country Income and World Health Organization Region.

Over the past 27 years, three major global TB control strategies have been implemented, and it is important at this stage to evaluate their impact on tuberculosis (TB) case notification rates (CNRs). This study, therefore, analyzed TB CNR trends from 1995 to 2022 across 208 countries and islands, using data from the WHO Global TB Programme database. Countries were classified by income level and population size based on World Bank criteria.

Nutritionally acquired immunodeficiency must be addressed with the same urgency as HIV to end tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious killer worldwide, with 10.6 million cases and 1.6 million deaths in 2021 alone.

Clearing the air: microcosting the carbon impact of drug-susceptible pulmonary TB treatment.

More than 10 million individuals develop active TB each year. The diagnosis and treatment of TB create greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. This study estimates the carbon footprint (CF) of successfully treating one person with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (DS-PTB) in India.

The main forest species encountered in southern and central Benin, West Africa.

Background: The south of Benin, a country in West Africa, is still home to remnants of dense forests that benefit from a particularly rainy sub-equatorial climate, with annual rainfall of up to 1,200 mm. These forest ecosystems are an integral part of the West African forest block, which stretches from Liberia to Togo. However, despite their richness and ecological importance, these forests are unfortunately subject to strong human pressures, particularly from slash-and-burn agriculture, intensive logging and the growing urbanisation of coastal areas.

An Overview of the Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Six French-Speaking African Countries from 2018 to 2022.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. The prevalence and management of DR-TB in African countries require comprehensive strategies to improve patient outcomes and control the spread of the disease. Aggregated routine data (from 2018 to 2022) on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) were collected from the National TB Programs (NTPs) from all six countries.

Tobacco Use Behaviors and Associated Factors among Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Benin and Burkina Faso.

The objective of this study was to assess tobacco use (TU) behaviors among newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and identify associated factors in Benin and Burkina Faso. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 randomly selected TB clinics. To ensure a representative study cohort, clinics were stratified during the sampling process.

Target product profiles: tests for tuberculosis treatment monitoring and optimization.

The World Health Organization has developed target product profiles containing minimum and optimum targets for key characteristics for tests for tuberculosis treatment monitoring and optimization. Tuberculosis treatment optimization refers to initiating or switching to an effective tuberculosis treatment regimen that results in a high likelihood of a good treatment outcome. The target product profiles also cover tests of cure conducted at the end of treatment.

Priority Activities in Child and Adolescent Tuberculosis to Close the Policy-Practice Gap in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Over the past 15 years, and despite many difficulties, significant progress has been made to advance child and adolescent tuberculosis (TB) care. Despite increasing availability of safe and effective treatment and prevention options, TB remains a global health priority as a major cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality-over one and a half million children and adolescents develop TB each year. A history of the global public health perspective on child and adolescent TB is followed by 12 narratives detailing challenges and progress in 19 TB endemic low and middle-income countries.

A Case of Canine Polyglandular Deficiency Syndrome with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoadrenocorticism.

This report describes the first clinical case, to our knowledge, of a dog with polyglandular deficiency syndrome with diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism. A six-year-old female Cavalier King Charles Spaniel presented with a history of lethargy and appetite loss. The dog was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis based on hyperglycemia and renal glucose and ketone body loss.

Tuberculosis contact investigation and short-course preventive therapy among young children in Africa.

The largest cities in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Central African Republic. To demonstrate the feasibility and document the effectiveness of household contact investigation and preventive therapy in resource-limited settings. Children under 5 years living at home with adults with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were screened using questionnaire, clinical examination, tuberculin skin test and chest X-ray.

Outcomes of a nine-month regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis up to 24 months after treatment completion in nine African countries.

Background: Treatment outcomes of the shorter regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis are not completely established. We report on these outcomes two years after treatment completion among patients enrolled in an observational cohort study in nine African countries.

Methods: 1,006 patients treated with the nine-month regimen were followed every six months with sputum cultures up to 24 months after treatment completion.

Short-Course Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Decade of Evidence.

About ten years ago, the first results of the so-called "Bangladesh regimen", a short regimen lasting nine months instead of 20 months, revolutionized multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment. Similar short regimens were studied in different settings, relying for their efficacy on a later generation fluoroquinolone, either gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, or levofloxacin. We review the published material on short MDR-TB regimens, describe their different compositions, their results in national tuberculosis programs in middle- and low-income countries, the risk of acquiring resistance to fluoroquinolone, and the occurrence of adverse events.

Outcome definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treated with shorter treatment regimens.

To assess whether the revised 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment outcomes apply to shorter treatment regimens in low- and middle-income countries and to propose modified criteria. Criteria for 'failure' and 'cure' outcomes were assessed using data on 1006 patients enrolled in an observational study on the standardised 9-11 month shorter MDR-TB regimen in Africa. Absence of conversion in the intensive phase, a WHO criteria for failure, was the worst performing criterion; reversion had low sensitivity and other criteria provided limited added value.

Challenges and opportunities to prevent tuberculosis in people living with HIV in low-income countries.

People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV) are at high risk for tuberculosis (TB), and TB is a major cause of death in PLHIV. Preventing TB in PLHIV is therefore a key priority. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in asymptomatic PLHIV has a potent TB preventive effect, with even more benefits in those with advanced immunodeficiency.

Determinants of primary healthcare seeking behaviours for children during the first 18 months of life in Benin.

Background: Primary healthcare is a key element of management of childhood illness in Africa. The objectives were to identify primary care seeking determinants among infants and young children up to 18 mo in a birth cohort from Benin.

Methods: From 2007 to 2009 in Benin, a birth cohort was followed until the age of 18 mo in three health centres.

Treatment outcome with a short multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimen in nine African countries.

Setting: Nine countries in West and Central Africa.

Objective: To assess outcomes and adverse drug events of a standardised 9-month treatment regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among patients never previously treated with second-line drugs.

Design: Prospective observational study of MDR-TB patients treated with a standardised 9-month regimen including moxifloxacin, clofazimine, ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA) throughout, supplemented by kanamycin, prothionamide and high-dose isoniazid during an intensive phase of a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 6 months.

Do active case-finding projects increase the number of tuberculosis cases notified at national level?

Objective: To analyse the impact of active tuberculosis case finding (ACF) projects on the number of sputum smear-positive (SS+) tuberculosis (TB) cases notified at national level.

Methods: Case-finding results of the 16 countries that participated in the first wave of the TB REACH project were analysed. Information on the number of SS+ TB cases at national level were taken from the 2014 World Health Organization global tuberculosis report.

Efficacy and safety of uninterrupted rivaroxaban taken preoperatively for radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation compared to uninterrupted warfarin.

Purpose: Data on uninterrupted rivaroxaban taken preoperatively for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited. The aim was to evaluate safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban taken in the morning for AF ablation, especially with regard to asymptomatic cerebral emboli (ACE) and anticoagulation parameters.

Methods: We prospectively evaluated 147 consecutive patients who underwent RFCA (mean age 66, 110 patients with paroxysmal AF), 76 of whom were on rivaroxaban, 71 on warfarin.

Antibiotics usage in infants during the first 18 months of life in Benin: a population-based cohort study.

Data centered on antibiotics usage and their determinants in African pediatric populations are limited. In order to define the determinants of antibiotics prescriptions (ABPr), we analyzed the data of a birth cohort in Benin. From 2007 to 2009, 538 infants were followed from birth to 18 months in three different health centers.