Impact of depressive mixed state in an emergency psychiatry setting: a marker of bipolar disorder and a possible risk factor for emergency hospitalization.

Background: Depressive mixed state (DMX) has been reported to be one of the most useful clinical markers for bipolar II disorder (BP-II) in the outpatient setting. However, the significance of DMX in emergency psychiatry has not been well studied.

Methods: A chart review study of 139 patients who were hospitalized in an emergency psychiatric ward with an initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Immobilization stress-induced increment of lactate metabolism in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus is attenuated by diazepam in the rat.

Using in vivo microdialysis technique, extracellular lactate levels were measured in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus of the rat under immobilization stress. Immobilization stress (40 min) led to a tetrodotoxin-reversible increase in dialysate lactate levels. Diazepam (1.