Present and future of piezoelectric single crystals and the importance of B-site cations for high piezoelectric response.

High quality piezoelectric single crystals, such as Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-PbTiO3 (PZNT) and Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O3-PbTiO3 (PMNT), have been investigated, and, because their piezoelectric properties are greatly superior to those of Pb(Zr(1-x)Ti(x))O3 (PZT) ceramics, they have been used for certain transducer applications since the late 1990s. The present situation for these relaxor-PT (lead titanate) single crystals is summarized. In this review, some possible high Tc > 200 degrees C single crystals are also introduced.