Does the Level and Complexity of Femur Fracture Determine Intramedullary Peak Pressures During Reamed Femoral Nailing? A Prospective Study.

Objectives: To investigate femoral intramedullary (IM) pressures during reamed antegrade nailing and to determine whether fracture level and/or complexity affect peak pressures.

Design: Prospective, nonrandomized observational cohort.

Setting: Single level I trauma center.

Getting big but not hard: A retrospective case-study of a male powerlifter's experience of steroid-induced erectile dysfunction.

This article aims to excavate the lived experience of suffering with steroid-induced erectile dysfunction. By drawing upon original qualitative data, we chart the subjective journey to recovery of a male powerlifter and draw attention to the potential dangers of a self-help approach to treatment. Erectile dysfunction is a common symptom of anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced hypogonadism, a condition not commonly reported or discussed and is therefore a poorly studied health issue.

Predictors of Sexual Harassment Using Classification and Regression Tree Analyses and Hurdle Models: A Direct Replication.

Sexual harassment affects a large percentage of higher education students in the US. A previous study identified several risk factors for sexual harassment using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses. The purpose of the present study was to assess the robustness of these findings by replicating the analyses with a new sample of students.

COVID-19 and organized crime: an introduction to the special issue.

This is an introduction to the articles submitted to the special issue of on 'COVID-19 and Organized Crime'. The aim of the special issue is to draw together a range of empirical studies from around the world to explore the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for both organized criminals and law enforcement agencies. The pandemic required organized criminals to adapt their practice in light of government restrictions, but it also created new profitable opportunities.

Landscape context and substrate characteristics shape fungal communities of dead spruce in urban and semi-natural forests.

Urban green areas are becoming increasingly recognized for their biodiversity potential. However, little is known about how urbanization shapes cryptic species communities, such as those residing in deadwood. In this study, we investigated downed Norway spruce trunks at intermediate stages of decay, in urban and semi-natural forests in southern Finland.

Identifying Correlates of Peer and Faculty/Staff Sexual Harassment in US Students.

Sexual harassment and its negative consequences continue to affect a large percentage of higher education students in the US. Previous research has identified a limited number of harassment risk factors, and has generally not examined them in combination. In this study, an expanded set of individual, relationship, and community-level risk factors were examined using hurdle models and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to identify key risk factors for peer and faculty/staff sexual harassment.

An entry risk assessment of African horse sickness virus into the controlled area of South Africa through the legal movement of equids.

South Africa is endemic for African horse sickness (AHS), an important health and trade-sensitive disease of equids. The country is zoned with movement control measures facilitating an AHS-free controlled area in the south-west. Our objective was to quantitatively establish the risk of entry of AHS virus into the AHS controlled area through the legal movement of horses.

Modelling the factors affecting the probability for local rabies elimination by strategic control.

Dog rabies has been recognized from ancient times and remains widespread across the developing world with an estimated 59,000 people dying annually from the disease. In 2011 a tri-partite alliance consisting of the OIE, the WHO and the FAO committed to globally eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. Regardless of global support, the responsibility remains with local program managers to implement successful elimination programs.

A Mixed-Method Design Evaluation of the SAFE Obstetric Anaesthesia Course at 4 and 12-18 Months After Training in the Republic of Congo and Madagascar.

Background: Maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is higher than in high-income countries (HICs), and poor anesthesia care is a contributing factor. Many anesthesia complications are considered preventable with adequate training. The Safer Anaesthesia From Education Obstetric Anaesthesia (SAFE-OB) course was designed as a refresher course to upgrade the skills of anesthesia providers in low-income countries, but little is known about the long-term impact of the course on changes in practice.

Child sexual abuse: The significance of the history and testifying on non-confirmatory findings.

Background: Despite numerous studies and publications, there is still a common expectation that a medical assessment can confirm or rule out child sexual abuse (CSA). The truth is that CSA can never be ruled out and can seldom be confirmed on clinical grounds.

Aim: The objective of this article was to suggest which aspects to consider when the expert medical witness in a CSA case needs to explain why CSA can seldom be confirmed and can never be ruled out.

A bioeconomic model for the optimization of local canine rabies control.

We present a new modeling tool that can be used to maximize the impact of canine rabies management resources that are available at the local level. The model is accessible through a web-based interface that allows for flexibility in the management strategies that can be investigated. Rabies vaccination, sterilization, chemo-contraception, and euthanasia can be specified and limited to specific demographic groups.

Parental Warmth and Interpersonal Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Assault Bystander Intervention Efficacy.

Sexual victimization rates of women in the United States remain worryingly high. Much research has focused on the reduction of sexual violence with varying levels of success. One promising avenue of sexual violence reduction research provides evidence that bystanders who intervene appropriately can effectively contribute to a reduction in sexual assault.

Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: the burden of human rabies in Africa.

Hope exists for the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in Africa. Momentum is gathering towards this goal, with an increasing number of successful demonstration projects showing that elimination is feasible. The Pan African Rabies Control Network is bringing Africa together against rabies, supported by the World Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, which have a combined resolution to eliminate human deaths from dog-transmitted rabies by 2030.

Management of acute complex traumatic wound with a dermal regeneration template: Case report.

Background: Acute complex traumatic wounds of the lower limbs are usually managed by a combination of multiple debridements, dressing changes, and specialized surgical procedures which may include tissue transfers for the reconstruction of the soft tissue injury. The recovery is lengthy, and the outcome dependent on the initial injury, the surgical procedures undertaken and rehabilitation programs with a multidisciplinary team.

Method: A nine-year-old male patient presented to Kimberly Hospital with an extensive soft tissue injury of the leg associated with a tibia fracture caused by a high velocity pedestrian vehicle accident.

Improving the recording of clinical medicolegal findings in South Africa.

Background: The accurate recording of findings in clinical medicolegal cases is important, yet the current J88 form used for this purpose in South Africa has been reported to have many flaws. In addition, there are reports of poor completion of the form, which could in part be due to its poor design and clarity.

Objective: To describe the process that was undertaken to revise the current J88 form.

Case studies in prehospital care from London HEMS: pre-hospital administration of prothrombin complex concentrate to the head-injured patient.

A case of pre-hospital administration of prothrombin complex concentrate to a patient anticoagulated with warfarin and with suspected intracranial haemorrhage is described. Effective, early reversal of anticoagulation by the time of arrival at hospital was achieved.

An information system to manage the rollout of the antiretroviral treatment programme in the Free State.

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome epidemic, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a global crisis which threatens development gains, economies, and societies. Within sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic began the earliest and the HIV prevalence is the highest, African countries have death rates not seen before. In South Africa the epidemic has a devastating impact which creates profound suffering on individuals and their families, and the impact on the socio-economic level is of great concern.

The energetics of huddling in two species of mole-rat (Rodentia: Bathyergidae).

Small rodents with a large surface-area-to-volume ratio and a high thermal conductance are likely to experience conditions where they have to expend large amounts of energy in order to maintain a constant body temperature at low ambient temperatures. The survival of small rodents is thus dependent on their ability to reduce heat loss and increase heat production at low ambient temperatures. Two such animals are the social subterranean rodents Cryptomys damarensis (the Damaraland mole-rat) and Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis (the Natal mole-rat).

Avian influenza in ostriches: epidemiological investigation in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

An H5N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from ostriches in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in July 2004. During a subsequent national survey to determine the possible presence of the disease in other areas of South Africa, specific antibodies against H5 avian influenza were detected by the haemagglutination inhibition test in ostrich sera collected in the Western Cape Province. However, the sampling strategy used in the initial survey was developed to accommodate practical constraints but did not truly reflect the prevalence of the sero-reactor entities.

Microbial, chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting.

Citrus waste supplemented with calcium hydroxide and with a C/N ratio of 24:1, pH of 6.3 and moisture content of 60% was composted by piling under shelter. With regular turning over of the pile and replenishment of moisture, the thermic phase lasted for 65-70 days and composting was completed after 3 months.

Rind Stippling on Valencia Oranges by Copper Fungicides Used for Control of Citrus Black Spot in South Africa.

Four copper sprays and copper mixtures with dithiocarbamates aggravated stippling of the fruit rind of Valencia oranges if sprayed in succession at registered rates during the recommended protection period from October to January for control of citrus black spot in South Africa. Copper stippling was more severe on treatments in which copper oxychloride was sprayed in succession, individually, or in combination with mancozeb or maneb/ZnO. On the other hand, less copper stippling was observed on treatments in which three mancozeb applications were altered with a single copper oxychloride as tank mixtures with or without mancozeb, which was sprayed during midsummer (December and January).

Field Sprays of Bacillus subtilis and Fungicides for Control of Preharvest Fruit Diseases of Avocado in South Africa.

In 3 consecutive years, preharvest applications of Bacillus subtilis field sprays integrated with copper oxychloride or benomyl consistently reduced severity of avocado black spot (BS), caused by Pseudocercospora purpurea at Omega, Republic of South Africa. Control was equal to that obtained with copper oxychloride or benomyl-copper oxychloride in the first and third years of spraying at Omega. In the second year, only the integrated treatment controlled BS, while copper oxychloride proved ineffective.

Production of monoclonal antibodies against Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae and their use to investigate differences in virulence.

Four Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae isolates from mango black spot lesions were grouped according to differences in virulence and used to raise monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Two immunization approaches were followed.