The importance of bone biopsy in chronic kidney disease-Mineral bone disorders.

Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is not a uniform bone disease; it is a heterogeneous group of metabolic bone diseases due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The traditional term of ROD does not accurately include the wide spectrum of "CKD-mineral and bone disorder" (CKD-MBD) and has been restricted to define the several specific histologic disturbances of bone disease associated with CKD. Circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) and total alkaline phosphatase levels do not always reflect bone turnover in CKD-MBD, whereas bone biopsy provides precise information regarding bone pathology.

Tregs and kidney: From diabetic nephropathy to renal transplantation.

Kidney transplantation is recognised as the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation continues to face several challenges including long-term graft and patient survival, and the side effects of immunosuppressive therapy. The tendency in kidney transplantation is to avoid the side effects of immunosuppresants and induce immune tolerance.

Pathogenesis and management of intradialytic hypertension.

Hypertension is common in chronic kidney disease patients especially in those undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Usually, blood pressure falls after the HD session but in some patients a paradoxical increase has been observed during or immediately after HD. This phenomenon is referred as intradialytic hypertension.