Chronic repetitive cooling and caffeine-induced intracellular Ca elevation differentially impact adaptations in slow- and fast-twitch rat skeletal muscles.

Intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]) is considered important in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. This study tested the hypothesis that chronic repeated cooling and/or caffeine ingestion would acutely increase [Ca] and hypertrophy muscles potentially in a fiber-type-dependent manner. Control rats and those fed caffeine were subjected to repeated bidiurnal treatments of percutaneous icing, under anesthesia, to reduce the muscle temperature below ∼5°C.

Difference between car-to-cyclist crash and near crash in a perpendicular crash configuration based on driving recorder analysis.

Analyzing a crash using driving recorder data makes it possible to objectively examine factors contributing to the occurrence of the crash. In this study, car-to-cyclist crashes and near crashes recorded on cars equipped with advanced driving recorders were compared with each other in order to examine the factors that differentiate near crashes from crashes, as well as identify the causes of the crashes. Focusing on cases where the car and cyclist approached each other perpendicularly, the differences in the car's and cyclist's parameters such as velocity, distance and avoidance behavior were analyzed.