A method to identify the weakest link in urban drainage systems.

Urban drainage systems are composed of subsystems. The ratio of the storage and discharge capacities of the subsystems determines the performance. The performance of the urban water system may deteriorate as a result of the change in the ratio of storage to discharge capacity due to aging, urbanisation and climate change.

Designing pain visualisation for caregivers of people with special needs: A co-creation approach.

Recognizing pain in people with communicative disabilities is challenging. A support system detecting pain signals provides caregivers with information to intervene adequately. This study aims to develop a design for a user interface visualizing pain experiences for a signalling system intended for caregivers.

Development of an AI-Enabled System for Pain Monitoring Using Skin Conductance Sensoring in Socks.

: Where self-report is unfeasible or observations are difficult, physiological estimates of pain are needed. : Pain-data from 30 healthy adults were gathered to create a database of physiological pain responses. A model was then developed, to analyze pain-data and visualize the AI-estimated level of pain on a mobile app.

Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review.

Results: The methods' heart rate variability and electroencephalogram show clear and consistent results as acute pain assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging can measure chronic pain. Ordered by invasiveness and vulnerability, a trend shows that the invasive methods are used more with less vulnerable subjects.

Impact of sewer condition on urban flooding: an uncertainty analysis based on field observations and Monte Carlo simulations on full hydrodynamic models.

In-sewer defects are directly responsible for affecting the performance of sewer systems. Notwithstanding the impact of the condition of the assets on serviceability, sewer performance is usually assessed assuming the absence of in-sewer defects. This leads to an overestimation of serviceability.

Analysis of the causes of pump failure and differences of failure characteristics.

It is generally accepted that sewage pumping stations are directly responsible for affecting sewer system performance in terms of combined sewer overflows and flooding. However, the specific causes of pump failure are unknown. This paper presents the analysis of pump failure data provided by four sewer management authorities in The Netherlands.

Failure of sewage pumps: statistical modelling and impact assessment.

Sewage pumping stations are directly responsible for affecting performance, i.e. failing pumps may result in combined sewer overflows or flooding.

Impact of dimension uncertainty and model calibration on sewer system assessment.

Assessments of sewer performance are usually based on a single computation of CSO (combined sewer overflow) volumes using a time series of rainfall as system loads. A shortcoming of this method is that uncertainties in knowledge of sewer system dimensions are not taken into account. Moreover, sewer models are rarely calibrated.

Bayesian decision analysis as a tool for defining monitoring needs in the field of effects of CSOs on receiving waters.

In recent years, decision analysis has become an important technique in many disciplines. It provides a methodology for rational decision-making allowing for uncertainties in the outcome of several possible actions to be undertaken. An example in urban drainage is the situation in which an engineer has to decide upon a major reconstruction of a system in order to prevent pollution of receiving waters due to CSOs.

Diurnal differences between morning-type and evening-type subjects in self-rated alertness, body temperature and the visual and auditory evoked potential.

On the basis of their score on a morningness/eveningness questionnaire 9 extreme morning-type (M-type) and 9 extreme evening-type (E-type) subjects were selected. During a morning and an evening session both groups performed a reaction-time task with a visual and an auditory warning signal. The results showed that (i) M-types have a higher self-rated activation level in the morning than in the evening, while E-types show the reverse; (ii) M-types do not differ in oral temperature between the two sessions, while E-types show an increased temperature in the evening; (iii) M-types have a larger N1-P2 amplitude of the visual and auditory AEP in the morning than in the evening, while E-types show the reverse.