Precise analysis of single small extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry.

Methods that enable specific and sensitive quantification of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) using flow cytometry are still under development. Aggregation or adsorption of antibodies causes sub-nano sized particles or non-specific binding and largely affects the results of flow cytometric analysis of single sEVs. Comparison of control IgG and target-specific IgG is inappropriate because they have different characters.

The pattern and spread of invasion can predict late cervical lymph node metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

To determine the predictive indexes of late cervical lymph node metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 25 patients with stage I/II TSCC who had undergone surgical treatment without elective neck dissection. We evaluated the relationships between clinicopathologic factors and the occurrence of late cervical lymph node metastasis.

Tumour: Fibroblast Interactions Promote Invadopodia-Mediated Migration and Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Objectives: In the progression of cancer, interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play important roles. Cancer cell invasion is facilitated by filamentous actin (F-actin)-rich membrane protrusions called invadopodia, and the relationship between CAFs and invadopodia has been unclear. We used oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to investigate CAFs' effects on the formation of invadopodia, and we assessed the expressions of invadopodia markers and CAF markers ex vivo and their relationship with clinical parameters and survival.

Caveolin-1 Expression at Metastatic Lymph Nodes Predicts Unfavorable Outcome in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

We evaluated the clinical and prognostic value of the protein expression of caveolin-1 (CAV1) and p16 at the primary site and metastatic lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Primary site specimens from 80 OSCC cases were randomly selected and lymph node specimens from 15 preserved metastatic lymph nodes from among those patients were selected for examination. We evaluated the CAV1 and p16 expression at both the primary site and metastatic lymph nodes, and analyzed the patients' clinicopathological data in relation to CAV1 and p16 expression.

Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Overexpression and Phosphorylation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and their Clinicopathological Significance.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is involved in progression of various cancers, and FAK overexpression has been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the involvement of FAK expression in the clinicopathological malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unknown. In addition, there is no consensus regarding the role of p16 expression in OSCC.

Detection of sentinel lymph node using contrast-enhanced agent, Sonazoid, and evaluation of its metastasis with superb microvascular imaging in oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a preliminary clinical study.

Background: In sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for head and neck cancers, the radioisotope method has been the gold standard. However, this method has several problems, such as unavoidable radiation exposure and requirements of expensive equipment.

Aims/objectives: To overcome these problems, we evaluated the contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS)-guided SLN-detection method, and predicted the SLN metastatic status using novel ultrasound technology, superb microvascular imaging (SMI).

Clinicopathological Significance of the ET Axis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment in malignant tumor tissue is known to be closely associated with cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Endothelin (ET) present in the microenvironment surrounding tumors has been reported to play a role in cancer cell invasion and proliferation by binding to receptors on the cell membrane of cancer cells. Here, we immunohistologically detected the expression of ET-1 and its receptor ETR in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and evaluated the association between the expression of each as well as their co-expression (ET-axis expression) and clinicopathological factors.

MicroRNA-205-5p suppresses the invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting TIMP‑2 expression.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in carcinogenesis. The miRNA, miR-205-5p, has been reported to suppress the growth of various types of tumor; however, its functional contribution to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not yet clear. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the miRNA expression signatures in OSCC and to investigate the functional role of miR‑205‑5p in OSCC cells.

Regulation of PD-L1 expression in a high-grade invasive human oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment.

Blockade of the programmed-death 1 receptor (PD-1)/programmed-death ligand (PD-L1) pathway efficiently reduces tumour growth and improves survival. Durable tumour regression with blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint has been demonstrated in recent clinical studies. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is highly immunosuppressive, and PD-L1 expression has been proposed as a potential mechanism responsible for this phenotype.

Eribulin sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma cells to cetuximab via induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.

Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling has emerged as a new treatment strategy for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Previously, we found that loss of EGFR expression in OSCC was associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and may have functional implications with regard to resistance to cetuximab, a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody. Eribulin (a microtubule inhibitor) reportedly renders breast cancer less aggressive, and less likely to metastasise, by triggering mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial (MET) transition.

Loss of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with invasiveness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The EGFR-directed inhibitor cetuximab is currently the only approved targeted therapy for the treatment of OSCC. EGFR status may affect the patient response to cetuximab treatment.

Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factors A and C in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members play a major role in angiogenesis and vascularization. VEGF-A promotes tumor angiogenesis by stimulating the growth of tumor vascular endothelial cells. In addition, VEGF-C has been identified as a potent inducer of lymphangiogenesis in tumor and lymph node metastasis.

Loss of claudin-7 is a negative prognostic factor for invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Claudin-7 belongs to the claudin family, which consists of 24 subtypes of essential tight junction (TJ) integral membrane proteins with molecular weights of 20-27 kDa. We investigated the interrelationship between clinicopathological findings and claudin-7 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Using immunohistochemical techniques to examine the expression levels of claudin-7 in 67 cases of OSCC, claudin-7 expression was detected in 35 (52.

A hypothesis on the desired postoperative position of the condyle in orthognathic surgery: a review.

It is very important to clarify the relationship between a dentofacial structure and a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structure in orthognathic surgery. Recently, it was reported that the skeletal and occlusal patterns were associated with the TMJ morphology, including the disk position. In orthognathic surgery, some surgeons state that alterations in the condylar position from surgery can lead to malocclusion associated with the risk of early relapse, and also favor the development of temporomandibular disorders.

Changes in temporomandibular joint and ramus after sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathism patients with and without asymmetry.

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and ramus after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with and without Le Fort I osteotomy. The subjects consisted of 87 Japanese patients diagnosed with mandibular prognathism with and without asymmetry. They were divided into 2 groups (42 symmetric patients and 45 asymmetric patients).

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and maspin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Association with mode of invasion and clinicopathological factors.

It is well documented that the binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR), which has been implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis, is regulated by several inhibitors such as maspin. In this study, we investigated the interrelationship between clinicopathologic findings and expression of uPA, uPAR and maspin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to elucidate the participation of maspin in the uPA/uPAR system in the malignant behavior of OSCC. Using immunohistochemical techniques to examine the expression levels of uPA, uPAR and maspin in 54 cases of OSCC, we also compared the clinicopathologic features of OSCC with the expression levels of each.

Expression form of p53 and PCNA at the invasive front in oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis.

Background:  Abnormalities in cell-cycle-controlling genes are important in the malignant transformation and proliferation of tumors. Among these genes, the tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most notable, and its mutations provide an indicator of tumor progression and prognosis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that is expressed during cell replication and DNA repair.

Epigenetic loss of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 expression in patients with oral carcinomas.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1), which is located in a genomic region that encodes unknown tumor suppressor gene(s), activates nuclear factor-kappaB in lymphocyte lineages. However, its expression and role in the pathology of malignant tumors of epithelial origin is not known. In the present study, we examined MALT1 expression and its implications for the pathology of oral carcinomas.

Loss of maspin is a negative prognostic factor for invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: Maspin, a 42-kDa protein, belongs to the serpin family of protease inhibitors and is known to have tumor-suppressor function. In this study, we investigated the interrelationship between clinicopathologic findings and maspin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods: Using immunohistochemical techniques to examine the expression levels of maspin in OSCC, maspin expression in OSCC was detected in 46 (64.

Significance of stromal desmoplasia and myofibroblast appearance at the invasive front in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.

Background: Tumor invasion involves complex interactions between tumor and stromal cells. We examined the extent of connective tissue in the tumor stroma and whether myofibroblasts play a role in assisting cancer invasion and metastasis.

Methods: Biopsy materials from 84 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were used.

Inhibitory effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a mouse model.

The presence or absence of metastasis bears an important influence on the prognosis of head and neck cancer patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become widely employed as an initial treatment. However, the actual effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on metastasis is still unestablished.

Integrin expression levels correlate with invasion, metastasis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The present study evaluated the relationship between alpha 3, alpha 6A, and beta 1 integrin expression in cancer cells at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and survival rates, as well as the clinical and pathological characteristics. Sections of 100 specimens of primary OSCC were immunostained to assess alpha 3, alpha 6A, and beta 1 integrin expression in cancer cells at the invasive front. OSCC patients with higher expression levels of alpha 3, alpha 6A, and beta 1 integrin had significantly better prognosis than those with lower expression levels (median survival at low vs.

Apoptosis-associated markers and clinical outcome in human oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Background: Apoptosis is a genetically regulated cell death involved in the deletion of cells in normal or malignant tissues. Proteins of the Bcl-2 family play a key role in the control of apoptosis and carry out both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. The present study evaluated the prognostic value of Bcl-2 and Bax expression at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), taking clinicopathological findings into account.

Predictive value of measuring p53 labeling index at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Many studies have revealed the frequency of p53 abnormalities in oral cancer. However, it reports only on the relation between clinicopathological findings and p53 expression, and there is no study to examine the relation to the p53 labeling index (p53-LI). The purposes of this study were to examine the correlation between p53 labeling index (p53-LI) at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and clinicopathological findings by immunohistochemical staining, and to evaluate clinical significance of measuring p53-LI at the invasive front of OSCC.