Electrolyte Effects on Electrochemical CO Reduction Reaction at Sn Metallic Electrode.

Understanding the electrolyte factors governing the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR) is fundamental for selecting the optimized electrolyte conditions for practical applications. While noble metals are frequently studied, the electrolyte effects on the CORR on Sn catalysts are not well explored. Here, we studied the electrolyte effect on Sn metallic electrodes, investigating the impact of electrolyte concentration, cation identity, and anion properties, and how it shapes the CORR activity and selectivity.

Microbiome-Derived Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Multifaceted Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease: Challenges and Opportunities.

Biomarkers play a crucial role in various stages of disease management, including screening, diagnosis, prediction, prognosis, treatment, and safety monitoring. Although they are powerful tools in disease diagnosis, management, and drug development, identifying and validating reliable biomarkers remains a significant challenge. Among potential microbiome-derived biomarkers, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has gained notable attention for its link to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk.

In Situ STM Study of Roughening of Au(111) Single-Crystal Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution during Oxidation-Reduction Cycles.

Oxidation-reduction cycles (ORCs) on Au(111) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution change the electrode morphology due to the formation of many new nanosized islands. With increasing the cycle number, the roughness of the surface increases due to the formation of multiatomic-step adatom islands and pits.

The effect of the Bilateral Integration exercise program on the cognitive functioning of pupils with moderate intellectual disabilities.

Introduction: Children with intellectual disability tend to exhibit lower performance in fundamental movement skills, such as locomotor skills, object control skills, and balance, compared to their typically developing peers. Evidence suggests that physical activity programs tailored for individuals with intellectual disabilities can positively influence the development of their motor skills. Similar to typically developing children, physical activity in children with intellectual disabilities stimulates not only physical development, but also brain function, resulting in cognitive benefits.

Electrochemical and Non-Electrochemical Pathways in the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Monosaccharides and Related Sugar Alcohols into Valuable Products.

In this contribution, we review the electrochemical upgrading of saccharides (e.g., glucose) and sugar alcohols (e.

Inhibition of an Alzheimer's disease-associated form of necroptosis rescues neuronal death in mouse models.

Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death that has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) along with the classical pathological hallmark lesions of amyloid plaques and Tau neurofibrillary tangles. To understand the neurodegenerative process in AD, we studied the role of necroptosis in mouse models and primary mouse neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated activated necroptosis-related proteins in transgenic mice developing Tau pathology and in primary neurons from amyloid precursor protein (APP)-Tau double transgenic mice treated with phosphorylated Tau seeds derived from a patient with AD but not in APP transgenic mice that only exhibited β-amyloid deposits.

Unraveling the Origin of the Repulsive Interaction between Hydrogen Adsorbates on Platinum Single-Crystal Electrodes.

Hydrogen adsorption on platinum (Pt) single-crystal electrodes has been studied intensively in both experiments and computations. Yet, the precise origin and nature of the repulsive interactions observed between hydrogen adsorbates (H) have remained elusive. Here, we use first-principles density functional theory calculations to investigate in detail the interactions between H on Pt(111), Pt(100), and Pt(110) surfaces.

Motivational factors for participation in mass running events: a comparative study of females and males with physical disabilities.

Background: While the motivations of individuals without impairments for participating in mass running events are well-documented, there is a lack of current research exploring why people with physical disabilities engage in these events. This study aims to identify the motives for participation among people with physical disabilities, taking into account factors such as sex, age (emerging adults vs. middle-aged adults), time since injury or illness, and mode of movement during the run (wheelchair vs.

Tracking the surface structure and the influence of cations and anions on the double-layer region of a Au(111) electrode.

We examined the electric double-layer (EDL) of a Au(111) electrode in a dilute perchloric acid solution using a combination of capacitance measurements and scanning tunnelling microscopy under electrochemical conditions (ECSTM). The "camel-shaped" capacitance curve of the EDL is studied with different cations and anions, including their impact on the potential of zero charge (PZC). We show that the ECSTM images of thermally reconstructed and of the potential-induced surface reconstruction of Au(111) in perchloric acid electrolyte resemble previous work in sulphuric acid, displaying a herringbone pattern for a thermally reconstructed surface.

Effect of a Physisorbed Tetrabutylammonium Cation Film on Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes.

The addition of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) to alkaline electrolytes enhances the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity on Pt single-crystal electrodes. The concentration of TBA significantly influences the HER on Pt(111). Concentrations of ≤1 mM yield no significant effect on HER currents or the coverage of adsorbed hydrogen (H*) but exhibit an interaction with the OH on the surface.

Physical activity as a mediator in the relationship between health locus of control and health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients with different disease duration.

Background: The importance of undertaking physical activity for functioning of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been repeatedly highlighted. However, the research on the role of physical activity in shaping the quality of life of patients with different disease duration is scarce.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the mediating role of physical activity in the relationship between health locus of control (HLoC) and health-related quality of life in MS patients with varying disease duration.

Deconvolution of the Voltammetric Features of a Pt(100) Single-Crystal Electrode.

The Pt(100) single-crystal electrode shows four voltammetric features in acid electrolytes, but the precise corresponding surface phenomena remain unresolved. Herein, a deconvolution of the classical "hydrogen region" from the "hydroxyl and anion region" is attempted by the comparison of voltammetric behavior of Pt(100) and GPt(100) electrodes. A systematic study performed on Pt(s)-[(100) × (111)] and Pt(s)-[(100) × (110)] electrodes reveals that the feature at = 0.

Tafel Slope Plot as a Tool to Analyze Electrocatalytic Reactions.

Kinetic and nonkinetic contributions to the Tafel slope value can be separated using a Tafel slope plot, where a constant Tafel slope region indicates kinetic meaningfulness. Here, we compare the Tafel slope values obtained from linear sweep voltammetry to the values obtained from chronoamperometry and impedance spectroscopy, and we apply the Tafel slope plot to various electrocatalytic reactions. We show that similar Tafel slope values are observed from the different techniques under high-mass-transport conditions for the oxygen evolution reaction on NiFeOOH in 0.

Nickel as Electrocatalyst for CO Reduction: Effect of Temperature, Potential, Partial Pressure, and Electrolyte Composition.

Electrochemical CO reduction on Ni has recently been shown to have the unique ability to produce longer hydrocarbon chains in small but measurable amounts. However, the effects of the many parameters of this reaction remain to be studied in more detail. Here, we have investigated the effect of temperature, bulk CO concentration, potential, the reactant, cations, and anions on the formation of hydrocarbons via a chain growth mechanism on Ni.

Performance Enhancement of Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution through Coalescence-Induced Bubble Dynamics.

The evolution of electrogenerated gas bubbles during water electrolysis can significantly hamper the overall process efficiency. Promoting the departure of electrochemically generated bubbles during (water) electrolysis is therefore beneficial. For a single bubble, a departure from the electrode surface occurs when buoyancy wins over the downward-acting forces (e.

Cooperative Effect of Cations and Catalyst Structure in Tuning Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution on Pt Electrodes.

The kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media, a reaction central to alkaline water electrolyzers, is not accurately captured by traditional adsorption-based activity descriptors. As a result, the exact mechanism and the main driving force for the water reduction or HER rate remain hotly debated. Here, we perform extensive kinetic measurements on the pH- and cation-dependent HER rate on Pt single-crystal electrodes in alkaline conditions.

Cation Effects on Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes in Alkaline Media.

The exact mechanism behind the cation-assisted hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on platinum electrodes in alkaline media remains disputed. We show that the cation effects at platinum display a remarkable structure sensitivity: not only the H adsorption but also the HOR activity on (111) terrace sites are independent of the nature of cation and cation concentration. On (110) step sites, at low cation concentration and mildly alkaline media, cations promote the HOR, whereas at more alkaline pH and consequently higher near-surface cation concentrations, the HOR is inhibition by the cations.

The etiology, diagnostics, and treatment of the spasm of the near reflex - a narrative review.

Physiological adaptation of the eye to the visual perception of near objects consists of the "near triad": convergence, accommodation, and pupil miosis. Normally, these tend to revert when one stops fixating on a near object. Spasm of the near reflex (SNR) is a pathological phenomenon, which manifests itself by the persistence of the above-mentioned adjustments, which prevents the eye from returning to its relaxed state.

Site-specific reactivity of stepped Pt surfaces driven by stress release.

Heterogeneous catalysts are widely used to promote chemical reactions. Although it is known that chemical reactions usually happen on catalyst surfaces, only specific surface sites have high catalytic activity. Thus, identifying active sites and maximizing their presence lies at the heart of catalysis research, in which the classic model is to categorize active sites in terms of distinct surface motifs, such as terraces and steps.

Tuning the Interfacial Reaction Environment for CO Electroreduction to CO in Mildly Acidic Media.

A considerable carbon loss of CO electroreduction in neutral and alkaline media severely limits its industrial viability as a result of the homogeneous reaction of CO and OH under interfacial alkalinity. Here, to mitigate homogeneous reactions, we conducted CO electroreduction in mildly acidic media. By modulating the interfacial reaction environment via multiple electrolyte effects, the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction is suppressed, leading to a faradaic efficiency of over 80% for CO on the planar Au electrode.

Li Cations Activate NiFeOOH for Oxygen Evolution in Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide.

The efficiency of electrolysis is reduced due to the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Besides catalyst properties, electrocatalytic activity also depends on the interaction of the electrocatalyst with the electrolyte. Here, we show that the addition of small amounts of Li to Fe-free NaOH or KOH electrolytes activates NiFeOOH for the OER compared to single-cation electrolytes.

Hypertensive rats show increased renal excretion and decreased tissue concentrations of glycine betaine, a protective osmolyte with diuretic properties.

Hypertension leads to water-electrolyte disturbances and end-organ damage. Betaine is an osmolyte protecting cells against electrolyte imbalance and osmotic stress, particularly in the kidneys. This study aimed to evaluate tissue levels and hemodynamic and renal effects of betaine in normotensive and hypertensive rats.