Effect of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculants on physiological and agronomic traits of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) associated with different expression of nodulation genes.

The aim of this work was to check the effects of five Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculants from different producers on growth, photochemical efficiency, nitrate reductase activity, amount of hydrogen peroxide, activity of catalase, non-specific peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, seed yield, and nodulation of soybean cv. 'Malaga'. We also evaluated expression of such nodulation genes as NIC1, NOD21, and NORKb.

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis in Studies of Flower and Leaf Proteome of Common Buckwheat.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is a proteomic tool used for the separation of protein mixtures according to protein isoelectric point and molecular mass. Although gel-free quantitative and qualitative proteomic study techniques are now available, 2-DE remains a useful analytical tool. The presented protocol was performed to analyze the flower and leaf proteome of common buckwheat using 24 cm immobilized pH gradient strips (pH 4-7) and visualization of proteins on gels via colloidal Coomassie G-250 staining.

Phenol-Based Protein Extraction Method for Plant Proteomic Studies.

The protein extraction method based on the phenol solution and combined with protein precipitation with ammonium acetate in methanol and purification in the same solution, and additionally in acetone and ethanol, is recommended for proteomic studies of plant tissues. The obtained protein samples do not require additional nucleic acid digestion and removal of interfering contaminations. The presented protocol was used to analyze the proteome of common buckwheat flowers and leaves.

Climate Change-The Rise of Climate-Resilient Crops.

Climate change disrupts food production in many regions of the world. The accompanying extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, heat waves, and cold snaps, pose threats to crops. The concentration of carbon dioxide also increases in the atmosphere.

Quantification of Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders globally and leads to an excessive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Circulating cell-free DNA (ccf-DNA) are double-stranded DNA fragments of different sizes and origins that are released into the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to cell death (i.e.

Redox regulation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle during cold acclimation.

NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) redox interaction with protein CP12 plays a role in cold acclimation. A recent study by Teh et al. describes the underlying molecular mechanisms that leads to dissociation of the autoinhibitory PRK/CP12/GAPDH (phosphoribulokinase/CP12/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) supracomplex.

New Prospects for Improving Microspore Embryogenesis Induction in Highly Recalcitrant Winter Wheat Lines.

Among various methods stimulating biological progress, double haploid (DH) technology, which utilizes the process of microspore embryogenesis (ME), is potentially the most effective. However, the process depends on complex interactions between many genetic, physiological and environmental variables, and in many cases, e.g.

tRNA-Cys gene clusters exhibit high variability in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Although most of the genes encoding tRNAs in plants are dispersed throughout the genome, a fraction of them form tRNA gene clusters. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the smallest of tRNA clusters on chromosome 5 consists of four tRNA-Cys-GCA genes placed within repeating units of 0.4 kbp.

The yield of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) depends on the genotype but not on the Pin-to-Thrum ratio.

Common buckwheat has a complicated flowering biology. It is characterized by a strong self-incompatibility resulting from heterostyly, i.e.

The Effect of Stimulants on Nectar Composition, Flowering, and Seed Yield of Common Buckwheat ( Moench).

Common buckwheat is a valuable plant producing seeds containing a number of health-promoting compounds and elements. Buckwheat does not contain gluten and is characterized by an excellent composition of amino acids. This species is also a melliferous plant.

Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Salinity Resistance of Three Durum Wheat Genotypes.

The area of farming lands affected by increasing soil salinity is growing significantly worldwide. For this reason, breeding works are conducted to improve the salinity tolerance of important crop species. The goal of the present study was to indicate physiological or biochemical parameters characterizing three durum wheat accessions with various tolerance to salinity.

Post-translational activation of CBF for inducing freezing tolerance.

Plants can acquire increased freezing tolerance through cold-acclimation involving the ICE1-CBF-COR pathway. Recently, Lee et al. investigated a potential link between the functional activation of CBF and cellular redox state.

Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into regulation of microspore embryogenesis induction in winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) after 5-azacytidine treatment.

Effective microspore embryogenesis (ME) requires substantial modifications in gene expression pattern, followed by changes in the cell proteome and its metabolism. Recent studies have awakened also interest in the role of epigenetic factors in microspore de-differentiation and reprogramming. Therefore, demethylating agent (2.

Impact of Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Components on the Effectiveness of Embryogenesis Induction in Isolated Microspore Cultures of Barley and Triticale.

Enhanced antioxidant defence plays an essential role in plant survival under stress conditions. However, excessive antioxidant activity sometimes suppresses the signal necessary for the initiation of the desired biological reactions. One such example is microspore embryogenesis (ME)-a process of embryo-like structure formation triggered by stress in immature male gametophytes.

Physiological and Biochemical Response to Infection in Three Durum Wheat Genotypes at Seedling and Full Anthesis Stage.

is a worldwide, soil-borne plant pathogen. It causes diseases of cereals, reduces their yield, and fills the grain with toxins. The main direction of modern breeding is to select wheat genotypes the most resistant to diseases.

Local Duplication of TIR-NBS-LRR Gene Marks Clubroot Resistance in cv. Tosca.

Clubroot, caused by infection, is a disease of growing importance in cruciferous crops, including oilseed rape (). The affected plants exhibit prominent galling of the roots that impairs their capacity for water and nutrient uptake, which leads to growth retardation, wilting, premature ripening, or death. Due to the scarcity of effective means of protection against the pathogen, breeding of resistant varieties remains a crucial component of disease control measures.

Changes in the Flower and Leaf Proteome of Common Buckwheat ( Moench) under High Temperature.

Common buckwheat ( Moench), a pseudocereal crop, produces a large number of flowers, but this does not guarantee high seed yields. This species demonstrates strong abortion of flowers and embryos. High temperatures during the generative growth phase result in an increase in the degeneration of embryo sacs.

Identification of the Genetic Basis of Response to De-Acclimation in Winter Barley.

Mechanisms involved in the de-acclimation of herbaceous plants caused by warm periods during winter are poorly understood. This study identifies the genes associated with this mechanism in winter barley. Seedlings of eight accessions (four tolerant and four susceptible to de-acclimation cultivars and advanced breeding lines) were cold acclimated for three weeks and de-acclimated at 12 °C/5 °C (day/night) for one week.

Reducing Flower Competition for Assimilates by Half Results in Higher Yield of .

Despite abundant flowering throughout the season, common buckwheat develops a very low number of kernels probably due to competition for assimilates. We hypothesized that plants with a shorter flowering period may give a higher seed yield. To verify the hypothesis, we studied nutrient stress in vitro and in planta and analyzed different embryological and yield parameters, including hormone profile in the flowers.

Candidate Genes for Freezing and Drought Tolerance Selected on the Basis of Proteome Analysis in Doubled Haploid Lines of Barley.

Plant tolerance to environmental stress is determined by a very complicated network composed of many intra- and extracellular factors. The aim of this study was to select candidate genes involved in responses to freezing and drought in barley on the basis of previous proteomic studies and to analyze changes in their expression caused by application of both stress factors. Six candidate genes for freezing tolerance (namely the genes encoding elongation factor 1 alpha (), ferredoxin-NADP reductase, a 14-3-3a protein, β-fructofuranosidase, CBF2A and CBF4B) and six for drought tolerance (encoding transketolase, periplasmic serine protease, triosephosphate isomerase, a protein with a co-chaperon region (), pfam14200 and actin) were chosen arbitrarily on the basis of in silico bioinformatic analyses.

Chemically-induced DNA de-methylation alters the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis in triticale.

Microspores exposed to some stress factors may display cell totipotency and could be reprogrammed towards embryogenic development. Plant breeding and genetic engineering widely use haploids/doubled haploids (DHs) derived from in vitro-cultured microspores, but the mechanism of this process remains poorly understood. Recently published data suggest that microspore embryogenesis (ME) is accompanied by changes in DNA methylation and chromatin reorganization.

Sequence Dynamics of Pre-mRNA G-Quadruplexes in Plants.

Intramolecular G-quadruplexes (G4s) are secondary structures that may form within G-rich stretches of nucleic acids. Although their presence has been associated with genomic instability and mutagenicity, recent reports suggest their involvement in regulation of diverse cellular events, including transcription and translation. The majority of data regarding G4s stems from mammalian and yeast studies, leaving the plant G4s almost unexplored.

Effects of High Temperature on Embryological Development and Hormone Profile in Flowers and Leaves of Common Buckwheat ( Moench).

Common buckwheat is a valuable crop, mainly due to the beneficial chemical composition of its seeds. However, buckwheat cultivation is limited because of unstable seed yield. The most important reasons for the low yield include embryo and flower abortion.

Long-Term Effects of Cold on Growth, Development and Yield of Narrow-Leaf Lupine May Be Alleviated by Seed Hydropriming or Butenolide.

In this article, the effects of cold on the development of and the possibility of mitigating it, via seed hydropriming or pre-treatment with butenolide (10 M⁻10 M), are investigated in two cultivars, differing in their ability to germinate at low temperature. Physiological background of plant development after cold stress was investigated in imbibed seeds. For the first four weeks, the seedlings grew at 7 °C or 13 °C.

Seed Hydropriming and Smoke Water Significantly Improve Low-Temperature Germination of Lupinus angustifolius L.

Seed imbibition under cold temperature is dangerous when dry seeds have relatively low water content. The aim of this study was to investigate germination of 20 lines/cultivars of narrow-leaf lupine at 7 °C (cold) and 13 °C (control) under the influence of smoke water and following seed hydropriming for 3 h at 20 °C. The efficacy of individual treatments was examined with regard to seed protection during low-temperature germination.