Autophagy regulator ATG5 preserves cerebellar function by safeguarding its glycolytic activity.

Dysfunctions in autophagy, a cellular mechanism for breaking down components within lysosomes, often lead to neurodegeneration. The specific mechanisms underlying neuronal vulnerability due to autophagy dysfunction remain elusive. Here we show that autophagy contributes to cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) survival by safeguarding their glycolytic activity.

Epidemiology of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II According to the Register of the Russian Federation.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular data of mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) patients and their outcomes using the national registry of patients in the Russian Federation (RF). Materials and Methods: In the retrospective cohort study, the authors included data from the Russian national registry of MPS II. Results: The prevalence of MPS II in RF is 0.

Peptide AEDL and Glutathione Stimulates Root Development .

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential molecules involved in intercellular communication, signal transduction, and metabolic processes. Abiotic stresses cause the accumulation of excess ROS in plant cells. The issue of regulating the antioxidant protection of plants using natural and synthetic compounds with antioxidant activity still remains one of the most important and relevant areas of fundamental and applied research.

Superoxide Dismutase Premodulates Oxidative Stress in Plastids for Protection of Tobacco Plants from Cold Damage Ultrastructure Damage.

ROS-dependent induction of oxidative damage can be used as a trigger initiating genetically determined non-specific protection in plant cells and tissues. Plants are potentially able to withstand various specific (toxic, osmotic) factors of abiotic effects, but do not have sufficient or specific sensitivity to form an adequate effective response. In this work, we demonstrate one of the possible approaches for successful cold acclimation through the formation of effective protection of photosynthetic structures due to the insertion of the heterologous gene into the tobacco genome under the control of the constitutive promoter and equipped with a signal sequence targeting the protein to plastid.

Salt Tolerance Assessment in and .

Background: Salt stress is a multicomponent phenomenon; it includes many processes that directly or indirectly affect the plant. Attempts have been made to comprehensively consider the processes of salt stress in plants (variety Orenburgskaya 22) and (variety Zolotaya).

Methods: The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent.

Features of the Effect of Quercetin on Different Genotypes of Wheat under Hypoxia.

Hypoxia is one of the common abiotic stresses that negatively affects the development and productivity of agricultural crops. Quercetin is used to protect plants from oxidative stress when exposed to environmental stressors. O deficiency leads to impaired development and morphometric parameters in wheat varieties Orenburgskaya 22 ( L.

The AP-2 complex interacts with γ-TuRC and regulates the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors.

Centrosomes are organelles that nucleate microtubules via the activity of gamma-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC). In the developing brain, centrosome integrity is central to the progression of the neural progenitor cell cycle, and its loss leads to microcephaly. We show that NPCs maintain centrosome integrity via the endocytic adaptor protein complex-2 (AP-2).

Mechanisms of Antioxidant Resistance in Different Wheat Genotypes under Salt Stress and Hypoxia.

Various stressors lead to an increase in ROS and damage to plant tissues. Plants have a powerful antioxidant system (AOS), which allows them to neutralize excess ROS. We detected an intense fluorescent glow of ROS in the cells of the cap, meristem, and elongation zones in the roots of wheat (Orenburgskaya 22 variety) and (Zolotaya variety).

Electrotransport Properties of Perfluorinated Cation-Exchange Membranes of Various Thickness.

The present work discusses the influence of the thickness of MF-4SK perfluorinated sulfonic cation-exchange membranes on their electrotransport properties in hydrochloric acid solutions. It is found that diffusion permeability and conductivity are primarily determined with the specific water content of the membranes and increase with their increase. Analysis of the contribution of reverse diffusion through the membrane to the value of the limiting current shows that it can reach 20% for membranes with a thickness of 60 μm.

Bilayer Heterogeneous Cation Exchange Membrane with Polyaniline Modified Homogeneous Layer: Preparation and Electrotransport Properties.

A bilayer membrane based on a heterogenous cation exchange membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer and a polyaniline on its surface is prepared. The intercalation of polyaniline into the membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer is performed by oxidative polymerization of aniline. The influence of the homogeneous cation exchange layer and the polyaniline on the structure, conductivity, diffusion permeability, selectivity, and current-voltage curve of the heterogeneous cation exchange membrane is established.

Diabetes-Induced Amplification of Nociceptive DRG Neuron Output by Upregulation of Somatic T-Type Ca Channels.

The development of pain symptoms in peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is associated with the upregulation of T-type Ca channels (T-channels) in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons. Moreover, a block of these channels in DRG neurons effectively reversed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in animal diabetic models, indicating that T-channel functioning in these neurons is causally linked to PDN. However, no particular mechanisms relating the upregulation of T-channels in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons to the pathological pain processing in PDN have been suggested.

Nutrient-sensing AgRP neurons relay control of liver autophagy during energy deprivation.

Autophagy represents a key regulator of aging and metabolism in sensing energy deprivation. We find that fasting in mice activates autophagy in the liver paralleled by activation of hypothalamic AgRP neurons. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of AgRP neurons induces autophagy, alters phosphorylation of autophagy regulators, and promotes ketogenesis.

Structural and Electrotransport Properties of Perfluorinated Sulfocationic Membranes Modified by Silica and Zirconium Hydrophosphate.

A correlation between changes in structural and electrotransport properties of membranes after modification by silica and zirconium hydrophosphate was established. The total water volume, volume fraction of the free water in the membrane and the volume fraction of the water having high binding energy were considered as structural characteristics, which were found from the curves of water distribution on the water binding energy and the effective pore radii. The conductivity, diffusion and electroosmotic permeabilities were investigated as electrotransport properties.

Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Fluoropolymers for Electrochemical Energy Sources.

The physicochemical and transport properties (ion-exchange capacity, water content, diffusion permeability, conductivity, and current-voltage characteristic) of a series of perfluorinated membranes with an inert fluoropolymer content from 0 to 40%, obtained by polymer solution casting, were studied. Based on the analysis of the parameters of the extended three-wire model, the effect of an inert component on the path of electric current flow in the membrane and its selectivity were estimated. The mechanical characteristics of the membranes, such as Young's modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, and relative elongation, were determined from the dynamometric curves.

Autophagy regulates neuronal excitability by controlling cAMP/protein kinase A signaling at the synapse.

Autophagy provides nutrients during starvation and eliminates detrimental cellular components. However, accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy is not merely a housekeeping process. Here, by combining mouse models of neuron-specific ATG5 deficiency in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons with quantitative proteomics, high-content microscopy, and live-imaging approaches, we show that autophagy protein ATG5 functions in neurons to regulate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of a synapse-confined proteome.

Elongating Effect of the Peptide AEDL on the Root of under Salinity.

The overall survival of a plant depends on the development, growth, and functioning of the roots. Root development and growth are not only genetically programmed but are constantly influenced by environmental factors, with the roots adapting to such changes. The peptide AEDL (alanine-glutamine acid-asparagine acid-leucine) at a concentration of 10 M had an elongating effect on the root cells of seedlings.

Morphological and Structural Details of Tomato Seed Coat Formation: A Different Functional Role of the Inner and Outer Epidermises in Unitegmic Ovule.

In order to understand how and what structures of the tomato ovule with a single integument form the seed coat of a mature seed, a detailed study of the main development stages of the tomato ovule integument was carried out using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The integument itself it was shown to transform in the course of development into the coat (skin) of a mature seed, but the outer and inner epidermises of the integument and some layers of the integument parenchyma are mainly involved in this process. The outer epidermis cells are highly modified in later stages; their walls are thickened and lignified, creating a unique relatively hard outer coat.

Short Peptides Induce Development of Root Hair .

Root hairs absorb soil nutrients and water, and anchor the plant in the soil. Treatment of tobacco () roots with glycine (Gly) amino acid, and glycilglycine (GlyGly) and glycilaspartic acid (GlyAsp) dipeptides (10 M concentration) significantly increased the development of root hairs. In the root, peptide accumulation was tissue-specific, with predominant localization to the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and absorption zone.

Evidence of islet CADM1-mediated immune cell interactions during human type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUNDPathophysiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is illustrated by pancreatic islet infiltration of inflammatory lymphocytes, including CD8+ T cells; however, the molecular factors mediating their recruitment remain unknown. We hypothesized that single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis of immune cell populations isolated from islets of NOD mice captured gene expression dynamics providing critical insight into autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis.METHODSPancreatic sections from human donors were investigated, including individuals with T1D, autoantibody-positive (aAb+) individuals, and individuals without diabetes who served as controls.

Modeling Asymmetry of a Current-Voltage Curve of a Novel MF-4SC/PTMSP Bilayer Membrane.

A novel bilayer cation-exchange membrane-consisting of a thick layer of a pristine perfluorinated membrane MF-4SC (Russian equivalent of Nafion-117) and a thinner layer (1 μm) of the membrane, on a base of glassy polymer of internal microporosity poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP)-was prepared and characterized. Using the physicochemical characteristics of one-layer membranes MF-4SC and PTMSP in 0.05 M HCl and NaCl solutions, the asymmetric current-voltage curves (CVC) of the bilayer composite were described with good accuracy up to the overlimiting regime, based on the "fine-porous membrane" model.

Brain-specific functions of the endocytic machinery.

Endocytosis is an essential cellular process required for multiple physiological functions, including communication with the extracellular environment, nutrient uptake, and signaling by the cell surface receptors. In a broad sense, endocytosis is accomplished through either constitutive or ligand-induced invagination of the plasma membrane, which results in the formation of the plasma membrane-retrieved endocytic vesicles, which can either be sent for degradation to the lysosomes or recycled back to the PM. This additional function of endocytosis in membrane retrieval has been adopted by excitable cells, such as neurons, for membrane equilibrium maintenance at synapses.

Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy.

Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes.

Salt Stress-Induced Structural Changes Are Mitigated in Transgenic Tomato Plants Over-Expressing Superoxide Dismutase.

Various abiotic stresses cause the appearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells, which seriously damage the cellular structures. The engineering of transgenic plants with higher production of ROS-scavenging enzyme in plant cells could protect the integrity of such a fine intracellular structure as the cytoskeleton and each cellular compartment. We analyzed the morphological changes in root tip cells caused by the application of iso-osmotic NaCl and NaSO solutions to tomato plants harboring an introduced superoxide dismutase gene.

Dynamics of functional condition seedmans and liver in men with infertility under the influence of arginin therapy with the complex of L-carnitin and betainе.

Objective: The aim of this work was to study the hormonal status androgen-dependent indicators of the ejaculate, spermatogram parameters and liver transaminases in the blood of the infertile males for the treatment of arginine, carnitine and betaine.

Patients And Methods: Materials and methods: The parameters of spermograms, the levels of testosterone, estradiol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood, and concentration of fructose in the ejaculate of 31 men with idiopathic pathospermia before and after using the L-Betargin, which contains 1 gram of arginine, 300 mg of L-carnitine and 1 gram of betaine.

Results: Results: It is shown that after treatment there is an increase of sperm concentration and their motility, increase the level of fructose in the ejaculate.

Compromised Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in the Interferon-α and Toll-like Receptor-3 Activation-Induced Mouse Depression Model.

Disrupted neuronal plasticity due to subtle inflammation is considered to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Interferon-α (IFN-α) potentiates immune responses against viral pathogens that induce toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) activation but evokes severe major depressive disorder in humans by mechanisms that remain insufficiently described. By using a previously established mouse model of depression induced by combined delivery of IFN-α and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a TLR3 agonist, we provide evidence that IFN-α and poly(I:C) reduce apical dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 area ex vivo via mechanisms involving decreased TrkB signaling.