Exploring the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property using lignin model compounds.

Lignin has a natural polyphenol structure that is expected to replace chemically synthesized antioxidants as a native antioxidant with biodegradable and convenient source characteristics. However, the improvement of the antioxidant property of lignin and its application as an antioxidant are still somewhat limited due to the lack of understanding of the relationship between specific lignin structures and antioxidant property. Therefore, the study of the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property is crucial to realize the high-quality application of lignin.

Preparation and research progress of lignin-based supercapacitor electrode materials.

The reserve of lignin in the biological world is the second largest biomass resource after cellulose. Lignin has the characteristics of wide sources, low cost, and rich active components. Due to environmental pollution and energy scarcity, lignin is often used as a substitute good for petrochemical products.

Antibacterial mechanism of lignin and lignin-based antimicrobial materials in different fields.

The control of microbial infection transmission often relies on the utilization of synthetic and metal-based antimicrobial agents. However, their non-biodegradability and inadequate disposal practices lead to significant environmental contamination. To address this concern, the quest for natural alternatives has gained paramount importance.

Recent advances in lignin antioxidant: Antioxidant mechanism, evaluation methods, influence factors and various applications.

Lignin, a by-product of processing lignocellulosic materials, has a polyphenolic structure and can be used as an antioxidant directly or synergistically with synthetic types of antioxidants, leading to different applications. Its antioxidant mechanism is mainly related to the production of ROS, but the details need to be further investigated. The antioxidant property of lignin is mainly related to the content of phenolic hydroxyl group, but methoxy, purity will also have an effect on it.

DES: their effect on lignin and recycling performance.

Lignocellulosic biomass raw materials are renewable resources with abundant reserves in nature, and have many advantages, such as being green, biodegradable and cheap. Lignin, one of the three significant components of lignocellulose, possesses a chemical structure rich in phenylpropane and is a primary aromatic resource for the bio-based economy. For the extraction and degradation of lignin, the most common method is the pretreatment of lignocellulose with deep eutectic solvents (DES), which have similar physicochemical properties to ionic liquids (ILs) but address the disadvantages associated with ILs (DES have the advantages of low cost, low toxicity, and non-flammability).

Simultaneous mnemonic and predictive representations in the auditory cortex.

Recent studies have shown that stimulus history can be decoded via the use of broadband sensory impulses to reactivate mnemonic representations.. However, memories of previous stimuli can also be used to form sensory predictions about upcoming stimuli.

The precedence effect in spatial hearing manifests in cortical neural population responses.

Background: To localize sound sources accurately in a reverberant environment, human binaural hearing strongly favors analyzing the initial wave front of sounds. Behavioral studies of this "precedence effect" have so far largely been confined to human subjects, limiting the scope of complementary physiological approaches. Similarly, physiological studies have mostly looked at neural responses in the inferior colliculus, the main relay point between the inner ear and the auditory cortex, or used modeling of cochlear auditory transduction in an attempt to identify likely underlying mechanisms.

Sensitivity of neural responses in the inferior colliculus to statistical features of sound textures.

Previous psychophysical studies have identified a hierarchy of time-averaged statistics which determine the identity of natural sound textures. However, it is unclear whether the neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to each of these statistical features in the natural sound textures. We used 13 representative sound textures spanning the space of 3 statistics extracted from over 200 natural textures.

Interaural time difference tuning in the rat inferior colliculus is predictive of behavioral sensitivity.

While a large body of literature has examined the encoding of binaural spatial cues in the auditory midbrain, studies that ask how quantitative measures of spatial tuning in midbrain neurons compare with an animal's psychoacoustic performance remain rare. Researchers have tried to explain deficits in spatial hearing in certain patient groups, such as binaural cochlear implant users, in terms of declines in apparent reductions in spatial tuning of midbrain neurons of animal models. However, the quality of spatial tuning can be quantified in many different ways, and in the absence of evidence that a given neural tuning measure correlates with psychoacoustic performance, the interpretation of such finding remains very tentative.

Learning boosts the decoding of sound sequences in rat auditory cortex.

Continuous acoustic streams, such as speech signals, can be chunked into segments containing reoccurring patterns (e.g., words).

Microsecond interaural time difference discrimination restored by cochlear implants after neonatal deafness.

Spatial hearing in cochlear implant (CI) patients remains a major challenge, with many early deaf users reported to have no measurable sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs). Deprivation of binaural experience during an early critical period is often hypothesized to be the cause of this shortcoming. However, we show that neonatally deafened (ND) rats provided with precisely synchronized CI stimulation in adulthood can be trained to lateralize ITDs with essentially normal behavioral thresholds near 50 μs.

Microsecond sensitivity to envelope interaural time differences in rats.

Currently, there is controversy around whether rats can use interaural time differences (ITDs) to localize sound. Here, naturalistic pulse train stimuli were used to evaluate the rat's sensitivity to onset and ongoing ITDs using a two-alternative forced choice sound lateralization task. Pulse rates between 50 Hz and 4.

Effects of different extracts of kanggushu on osteoporosis in model rats and the underlying mechanisms.

Objective: To investigate the preventive effects and possible underlying mechanism of different extracts of Kanggushu () on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.

Methods: One hundred and sixtyfive female SD rats were divided into 11 groups: control, sham, model, Xianling Gubao Capsule (), nilestriol, Kanggushu aqueous extract high-, medium-, and low-dose and suet extract high-, medium-, and low-dose groups. The osteoporosis model was made by ovariectomizing the rats.

Protective effects of gypenosides against fatty liver disease induced by high fat and cholesterol diet and alcohol in rats.

In the present study, the protective effects of gypenosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on fatty liver disease (FLD) were examined in rats treated with high fat and cholesterol diet and alcohol. Male SD rats were divided into seven groups: control, model, lovastatin, silymarin, gypenosides high-, medium- and low-treatment groups. The latter 6 groups were fed high-fat and cholesterol diet and administered alcohol intragastricly once a day.

Relationship between HPLC fingerprints and in vivo pharmacological effects of a traditional Chinese medicine: Radix Angelicae Dahuricae.

We report the fingerprint development of a traditional Chinese medicine Radix Angelicae Dahuricae root and the correlation of the fingerprint peaks with its in vivo pharmacological effects. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with the computer aided similarity evaluation were validated and used in serial pharmacological studies in mice. The major constituents of R.