Characteristics of posture alterations associated with a stepping movement in cats.

The relationship between changes in posture and the performance of a forelimb movement required for a transition between two stance positions was analysed in cats. The task consisted of an operantly conditioned, forelimb stepping movement from one support platform to another located more anterior. The reward was given only after a specific vertical force was applied to the second platform.

Prediction of F3 row performance from F2 individual plant data in oats.

Parameters estimated from a Gardner-Eberhart analysis of the F2 generation of a six-parent diallel in oats (Avena sativa L.) were used to compare methods for predicting the performance of F3 row plots. The prediction methods were: (1) individual F2 plant performance (F2I), (2) parent average plus F2 plot deviations (PF2), (3) parent average plus weighted F2 plot deviations (PF2P), (4) best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of parent average plus F2 plot deviations (BPF2), and (5) BLUP plus weighted F2 deviations (BF2).

Cerebellar unit responses of the mossy fibre system to passive movements in the decerebrate cat. I. Responses to static parameters.

1) Experiments were designed to detect how static parameters of natural, passive hand movements are encoded and integrated within the cerebellar cortex. For this purpose unit activity was recorded extracellularly from presumed mossy fibres (MF), presumed granule cells (GrC) and from Purkinje cells (PC) discharging with simple spikes (SS) and complex spikes (CS). With respect to the PC, our interest was focussed primarily on the SS activity.

Comparative analysis of cerebellar unit discharge patterns in the decerebrate cat during passive movements.

1) The present experiments were undertaken to study how information about the parameters of a passive movement is processed at different neuronal levels of the cat cerebellar cortex. The analysis has been performed by recording extracellularly in the intermediate part of the cerebellar anterior lobe from presumed mossy fibres, presumed granule cells, and Purkinje cells with simple spikes and complex spikes. 2) The discharge patterns obtained during passive movements of the cat's forepaw were characterized by components which could be related to dynamic or static parameters of the movement.

Bone mineral changes in primary hyperparathyroidism.

We studied 34 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in order to assess their bone mineral status, to determine its relationship to biochemical parameters (serum calcium and parathyroid hormone) and surgical status, and to determine the relationship between peripheral cortical bone and spinal trabecular bone in this disease. These patients were studied with radiogrammetry of the metacarpals, Norland-Cameron photon absorptiometry of the radius, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine, industrial radiography of the hands, and conventional radiography of the thoracolumbar spine. We also calculated a spinal fracture index from thoracolumbar spine films.

Osteoporosis: assessment by quantitative computed tomography.

The results presented in this article indicate that quantitative computed tomography provides a reliable means of evaluating and monitoring the many forms of osteoporosis and its various treatments. The greatest advantages of spinal QCT for noninvasive bone mineral measurement are its high precision, the high sensitivity of the vertebral spongiosa measurement site, and the potential for widespread application.

Quantitative computed tomography for spinal mineral assessment: current status.

Quantitative CT (QCT) is an established method for the noninvasive assessment of bone mineral content in the vertebral spongiosum and other anatomic locations. The potential strengths of QCT relative to dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) are its capability for precise three-dimensional anatomic localization providing a direct density measurement and its capability for spatial separation of highly responsive cancellous bone from less responsive cortical bone. The extraction of this quantitative information from the CT image, however, requires sophisticated calibration and positioning techniques and careful technical monitoring.

Assessment of metabolic bone diseases by quantitative computed tomography.

Advances in the radiologic sciences have permitted the development of numerous noninvasive techniques for measuring the mineral content of bone, with varying degrees of precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The techniques of standard radiography, radiogrammetry, photodensitometry, Compton scattering, neutron activation analysis, single and dual photon absorptiometry, and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) are described and reviewed in depth. Results from previous cross-sectional and longitudinal QCT investigations are given.

Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk.

Vertebral trabecular mineral content and peripheral cortical bone mineral were measured in 94 female and 44 male osteoporotic patients and compared to vertebral mineral values obtained for 323 control subjects in a cross-sectional study. The rate of change of spinal trabecular mineral with age (measured by quantitative computed tomography) in control females averaged 1.2% per year from age 20 to 80, with an accelerated loss demonstrated at the menopause.

Cerebellar feedback signals of a passive hand movement in the awake monkey.

From three intact and awake monkeys, 149 Purkinje cells and 44 presumed mossy fibres were recorded in the intermediate part of the cerebellar anterior lobe, and this activity was analyzed with regard to different parameters of a passive hand movement. The tonic discharge rate of the simple spikes (SS) varied according to different joint positions only in a single Purkinje cell, whereas such a position relation was found in nine out of 44 presumed mossy fibres. A phasic increase of the complex spike (CS) discharge rate of Purkinje cells in response to passive wrist movements usually occurred within 100 ms after movement onset.

A simple method for reliable separation of cerebellar Purkinje cell complex and simple spikes.

During the analysis of cerebellar Purkinje cell firing the use of two level discriminators for the separation of complex spike (CS) and simple spike (SS) can produce "wrong SS-events", since the amplitude of the CS wavelets may exceed the discrimination level for the SS. This is also the case, when the initial spike of the CS is negatively deflected. A logic circuit was developed, which ensures reliable separation of the two types of spike by a mutual control of the two channels.

Simple and complex spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells during active and passive movements in the awake monkey.

Two Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to pursue a target light signal by moving the hand at the wrist joint. Additionally, a d.c.

Pantalar arthrodesis: a long-term follow-up.

Eighty-three pantalar arthrodeses in 69 patients performed at the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Greenville, South Carolina, between 1941 and 1977 were evaluated. Follow-up was from 1 to 33 years. Diagnoses included poliomyelitis, myelodysplasia, arthrogryposis, clubfeet, and extremity or spinal cord trauma.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism presenting as renal osteodystrophy.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (pseudo HPT) is the prototype of a group of diseases with end organ unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Patients with the classic form of this disease have both renal and osseous resistance to PTH. We describe a rare variant of pseudo HPT with classic renal unresponsiveness to PTH but normal skeletal responsiveness to this hormone.

Information about peripheral events conveyed to the cerebellum via the climbing fiber system in the decerebrate cat.

Discharges of Purkinje cells (PCs) with simple (SS) and complex spikes (CS) in the c1-zone of lobule Vc of the anterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex were analyzed in the decerebrate cat during a passive movement of the cat forepaw. The CS of the PC responded differentially and/or proportionally to the position of the extremity, amplitude of the movement, velocity and acceleration. Inphase and outphase responses of the climbing fiber (CF) system to sinusoidal movements could depend on the position of the extremity within the operational range.

Responses of cerebellar units to a passive movement in the decerebrate cat.

The responses of mossy fibers (MF), granular cells (GrC) and Purkinje cells (PC) were recorded in the cerebellum of the decerebrate cat during a passive movement about the forepaw wrist joint. Three main discharge patterns containing information about all the static and dynamic parameters of the movement were found. Simultaneous recording of complex spikes (CS) and simple spikes (SS) showed that the activity of PC can be modulated through either MF or CF input channels alone or both together.

[Use of invert sugar, fructose and sorbitol and on their effect on various plasma constituents after intravenous infusion in the dog].

Glucose and fructose half-lives following intravenous infusion of 1.0 or 0.5 g/body weight invertose solution (200 g/l) were established in six Beagle dogs.

[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and the half-life of monosaccharides in plasma after i.v infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 3. Studies in sheep].

Monosaccharide half-life as well as the effects of intravenous infusion of 0.5 g/kg body weight glucose, fructose, and invert sugar solutions on insulin levels in blood plasma as well as on pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the blood were measured in two adult sheep weighing 72 kg and 65 kg. The half-life values for glucose were 16 minutes and 19 minutes and that for fructose 20 minutes.

[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 2. Studies in cattle].

Monosaccharides were intravenously injected to eight adult heads of cattle, between 380 kg and 670 kg in live weight, to study, in the context of stress endurance, the half-life values of the sugars as well as monosaccharide effects upon concentrations of various blood components. The fructose concentration in the blood plasma went up temporarily following the infusion of glucose solution. Fructose infusion usually caused only little rise of the glucose concentration in blood plasma, with hypoglycaemia occurring quite often towards the end of an experimental period.

[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 1. Studies in calves and heifers].

Studies into the half-life of monosaccharides as well as into the effects of intravenous infusion of sugar solutions (0.5 g/kg body weight of glucose, fructose, galactose, and invert sugar) on the concentration of various blood components were undertaken with six calves and five heads of young cattle. Half-life values of glucose and galactose were of nearly identical magnitude over the first weeks of age, whereas that of fructose was much longer on account of slower conversion.