Inhibition of N-glycosylation by glucosamine hydrochloride inhibits TGF-β1-induced LOXL2 secretion.

Kidney fibrosis is closely associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, copper-containing secretory amine oxidases, such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like 1-4 (LOXL1-4), play pivotal roles in the regulation of extracellular components and facilitate fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the regulation of LOX enzymes in human tubular epithelial HK2 cells to help clarify the role of LOX enzymes in kidney fibrosis.

Isostearyl Mixed Anhydrides for the Preparation of -Methylated Peptides Using -Terminally Unprotected -Methylamino Acids.

Sustainable and efficient manufacturing methods for -methylated peptides remain underexplored despite growing interest in therapeutic -methylated peptides within the pharmaceutical industry. A methodology for the coupling of -terminally unprotected -methylamino acids mediated by an isostearic acid halide (ISTAX) and silylating reagent has been developed. This approach allows for the coupling of a wide variety of amino acids and peptides in high yields under mild conditions without the need for a -terminal deprotection step in the process of -terminal elongation.

Organozinc-Mediated Direct C-C Bond Formation via C-N Bond Cleavage of Ammonium Salts.

We report a direct cross-coupling reaction between diarylzinc (Ar Zn) and aryltrimethylammonium salts (ArNMe ⋅ OTf) in the presence of LiCl, via C-N bond cleavage. The reaction takes place smoothly upon heating in THF without any external catalyst, enabling an efficient and chemoselective formation of biaryl products. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a single electron transfer route.