Biomechanical Characteristics of Scapular and Glenohumeral Movements during Pitching Motion in Injury-prone College Baseball Pitchers.

Objectives: The coordination of glenohumeral (GH) and scapular movements is central to the injury prevention of baseball pitchers. However, there is no objective data establishing the direct relationship between pitching injuries and associated GH and scapular movements. Therefore, this study demonstrated the biomechanical differences in the scapular and GH movements during pitching between injury-prone pitchers and healthy college baseball pitchers.

New method for liquid-medication filling systems.

For the systems used to fill large numbers of containers with liquid medication, a permissible relative error is ±1.0%. Here, a medication filling and estimating system was designed to improve cycle time.

Mechanisms of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in sports activities: a twenty-year clinical research of 1,700 athletes.

The mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are still inconclusive from an epidemiological standpoint. An epidemiological approach in a large sample group over an appropriate period of years will be necessary to enhance the current knowledge of the ACL injury mechanism. The objective of the study was to investigate the ACL injury occurrence in a large sample over twenty years and demonstrate the relationships between the ACL injury occurrence and the dynamic knee alignment at the time of the injury.

Glenohumeral, scapular, and thoracic angles at maximum shoulder external rotation in throwing.

Background: Because a majority of throwing injuries occur near the maximum external rotation (MER) of the throwing shoulder, sports medicine practitioners and researchers have paid special attention to the shoulder kinematics at the MER in throwing. However, little is known about the individual kinematics of the glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, and thoracic joints at the MER. Purpose To demonstrate the glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, and thoracic joint movements and their contribution to the MER in throwing for baseball players.

How back-muscle fatigue influences lumbar curvature.

Context: Back-muscle fatigue and lumbar curvature are related to low back pain, but the relation between them is unknown.

Objective: To clarify whether lumbar curvature changes with back-muscle fatigue.

Design: Prospective pseudorandomized.

Muscular outputs during dynamic bench press under stable versus unstable conditions.

Previous studies have suggested that resistance training exercise under unstable conditions decreases the isometric force output, yet little is known about its influence on muscular outputs during dynamic movement. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an unstable condition on power, force, and velocity outputs during the bench press. Twenty male collegiate athletes (mean age, 21.

Characteristics of trunk lean motion during walking in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Objective: Trunk lean motion on the frontal plane shifts the pressure across the medial-lateral cartilage of the stance limb's knee. The purpose of this study was to investigate trunk lean motion during walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Materials And Methods: The study involved five healthy normal controls and 12 patients with symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (six with unilateral and six with bilateral).

Relationship between maximum shoulder external rotation angle during throwing and physical variables.

The amount of stress imposed on shoulder and elbow appears to be directly correlated with the degree of maximum shoulder external rotation (MER) during throwing motions. Therefore, identifying risk factors contributing to the increase of MER angle may help to decrease the throwing injuries occurrence in baseball players. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the correlation between MER and the kinematic variables at stride foot contact (SFC) during the early cocking phase, the passive range of motion (ROM), and the shoulder strength.

The role of shoulder maximum external rotation during throwing for elbow injury prevention in baseball players.

The objective of the present study was to examine whether the passive range of shoulder external rotation (ER), the maximum shoulder external rotation angle (MER) during throwing, and the ratio of MER to ER are related to the incidence of the elbow injury. A mixed design with one between-factor (a history of the elbow injury) and two within-factors (ER and MER) was used to analyze the difference between baseball players with and without a history of medial elbow pain. Twenty high school baseball players who had experienced the medial elbow pain within the previous month but who were not experiencing the pain on the day of the experiment were recruited (elbow-injured group).