Significance of Targeted Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Using Rectal-culture Selective Screening Media Prior to Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To examine whether antimicrobial prophylaxis based on screening rectal cultures using selective media prevented acute bacterial prostatitis following transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB).

Methods: In this multicenter, randomized controlled trial, we enrolled 403 patients undergoing TRPB with low risks of infectious complications. Patients were randomized into a cultured group (CG) or no cultured group (NCG).

Hornerin expressed on endothelial cells via interacting with thrombomodulin modulates vascular inflammation and angiogenesis.

Thrombomodulin is predominantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells and modulates endothelial cell functions by interacting with multiple ligands. The specific thrombomodulin receptor or cofactor active on the endothelial cell surface remains elusive. This study aims to identify interacting partners of thrombomodulin on endothelial cells.

Case report on ureteral amyloidosis that was incidentally diagnosed in a patient with malignant lymphoma.

Herein, we report a rare case of localized ureteral amyloidosis in a patient with malignant lymphoma. A 73-year-old female patient visited our institution for a comprehensive examination and treatment of malignant lymphoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed left hydronephrosis and a left lower ureteral mass.

Fusobacterium in oral bacterial flora relates with asymptomatic brain lesions.

Background: Specific bacterial species in the oral cavity contribute to cerebral hemorrhage and microbleeds. The relationship between oral bacterial flora and asymptomatic brain lesions (ABL) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate this relationship in a healthy Japanese cohort.

A diet high in glucose and deficient in dietary fibre causes fat accumulation in the liver without weight gain.

This study investigated whether a standard calorie diet that is high in glucose and deficient in dietary fibre (described as HGD [high glucose diet]) induces hepatic fat accumulation in mice. We evaluated hepatic steatosis at 7 days and 14 days after the commencement of the HGD. Hepatic triglycerides and areas of oil droplets increased in the HGD group both at day 7 and day 14, whereas weight gain, weight of epididymal fat, and plasma levels of triglycerides were unaffected by HGD consumption.

Oncological Outcomes of Active Surveillance versus Surgery or Ablation for Patients with Small Renal Masses: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis.

Background And Objective: While active surveillance (AS) is an alternative to surgical interventions in patients with small renal masses (SRMs), evidence regarding its oncological efficacy is still debated. We aimed to evaluate oncological outcomes for patients with SRMs who underwent AS in comparison to surgical interventions.

Methods: In April 2024, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were queried for comparative studies evaluating AS in patients with SRMs (PROSPERO: CRD42024530299).

The efficacy of adjuvant mitotane therapy and radiotherapy following adrenalectomy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with a high recurrence rate after surgical therapy with curative intent. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and mitotane therapy have been proposed as options following the adrenalectomy. However, the efficacy of adjuvant RT or mitotane therapy remains controversial.

Sequential therapy for hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer-associated renal cell carcinoma: a case report and report of a new family pedigree.

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder caused by a heterozygous germline mutation in the fumarate hydratase () gene. HLRCC is clinically characterized by the development of three tumors: uterine leiomyomata, cutaneous leiomyomata, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). HLRCC-associated RCC is aggressive and diagnosed at a much earlier age than sporadic RCC.

Homology of Escherichia coli isolated from urine and vagina and their antimicrobial susceptibility in postmenopausal women with recurrent cystitis.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a typical cystitis-causing organism that can migrate from the vagina to the bladder and cause recurrent cystitis (RC). Few reports have compared the characteristics of urinary and vaginal UPEC in patients with RC. We carried out molecular biological analyses of Escherichia coli (E.

Effect of Antacids on the Survival of Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Treated With Pembrolizumab.

Introduction: Concomitant medications can affect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The association between histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), major antacids similar to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and the efficacy of pembrolizumab for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) treatment has been poorly evaluated. We evaluated the impact of PPIs and H2RAs on oncological outcomes in mUC patients treated with pembrolizumab.

Infection risk reduction with povidone-iodine rectal disinfection prior to transrectal prostate biopsy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: To prevent infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-PB), some studies have investigated the efficacy of rectal disinfection using povidone-iodine (PI) and antibiotic prophylaxis (AP).

Objective: To summarize available data and compare the efficacy of rectal disinfection using PI with non-PI methods prior to TRUS-PB.

Evidence Acquisition: Three databases were queried through November 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) analyzing patients who underwent TRUS-PB.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Local Therapies on Local Event Suppression in Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer.

Context: It remains unclear to what extent the therapy of the primary local tumor, such as radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation therapy (RT), improves overall survival in patients with low-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). However, data suggest a benefit of these therapies in preventing local events secondary to local tumor progression.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of adding local therapy (RP or RT) to systemic therapies, including androgen deprivation therapy, docetaxel, and/or androgen receptor axis-targeted agents, in preventing local events in mHSPC patients compared with systemic therapy alone (ie, without RT of the prostate or RP).

Metastatic small cell bladder cancer treated with sequential systemic therapy including pembrolizumab and amrubicin: A case report.

Introduction: Small cell bladder cancer is a relatively rare tumor, representing <1% of all bladder tumors. Amrubicin monotherapy is used as second-line treatment for small cell lung cancer in Japan.

Case Presentation: A 79-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria and was diagnosed with small cell bladder cancer (T2 or higher).

Prognostic impact of histological discordance between transurethral resection and radical cystectomy.

Objective: To analyse the impact of histological discordance of subtypes (subtypes or divergent differentiation [DD]) in specimens from transurethral resection (TUR) and radical cystectomy (RC) on the outcome of the patients with bladder cancer receiving RC.

Patients And Methods: We analysed data for 2570 patients from a Japanese nationwide cohort with bladder cancer treated with RC between January 2013 and December 2019 at 36 institutions. The non-urinary tract recurrence-free survival (NUTR-FS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by TUR or RC specimen histology were determined.

Prognostic impact of radiological tumor burden in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab.

Purpose: Radiological tumor burden has been reported to be prognostic in many malignancies in the immunotherapy era, yet whether it is prognostic in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) treated with pembrolizumab remains uninvestigated. We sought to assess the predictive and prognostic value of radiological tumor burden in patients with mUC.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 308 patients with mUC treated with pembrolizumab.

Bladder stone formation around polyethylene glycol after use of SpaceOAR Hydrogel.

Introduction: Radiation therapy is used as primary, adjuvant, and salvage therapy for prostate cancer. When using radiation therapy, the SpaceOAR system is considered easy to use and useful for reducing the irradiated dose and toxicity to the rectum. Although SpaceOAR system have been reported some adverse event including death.

Combined, elobixibat, and colestyramine reduced cholesterol toxicity in a mouse model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Background: Cholesterol levels and bile acid metabolism are important drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) progression. Using a mouse model, we investigated the mechanism by which cholesterol exacerbates MASH and the effect of colestyramine (a bile acid adsorption resin) and elobixibat (an apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor) concomitant administration on bile acid adsorption and MASH status.

Methods: Mice were fed a high-fat high-fructose diet with varying concentrations of cholesterol to determine changes in fatty liver according to liver status, water intake, defecation status, insulin resistance, bile acid levels, intestinal permeability, atherosclerosis (in apolipoprotein E knockout mice), and carcinogenesis (in diethylnitrosamine mice).