Effect of cerebrospinal fluid area mask correction on I-FP-CIT SPECT images in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) area mask correction reduces the influence of low [I]-N-fluoropropyl-2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (I-FP-CIT) accumulation in the volume of interest (VOI) by CSF area dilatation on the specific binding ratio (SBR) calculated using the Southampton method. We assessed the effect of CSF area mask correction on the SBR for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) characterized by CSF area dilatation.

Methods: We enrolled 25 patients with iNPH who were assessed using I-FP-CIT single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) before shunt surgery or the tap test.

Syntactic Impairment Associated with Hypoperfusion in the Left Middle and Inferior Frontal Gyri after Right Cerebellar Hemorrhage.

Cerebellar injuries can cause syntax impairments. Cortical dysfunction due to cerebello-cerebral diaschisis is assumed to play a role in this phenomenon. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have repeatedly shown the activation of Broca's area in response to syntactic tasks.

In vivo [18F]THK-5351 imaging detected reactive astrogliosis in argyrophilic grain disease with comorbid pathology: A clinicopathological study.

Quantification of in vivo reactive astrogliosis, which represents neural inflammation and remodeling in the brain, is an emerging methodology for the evaluation of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. [18F]THK-5351 is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), a molecular marker of reactive astrogliosis. We performed in vivo [18F]THK-5351 PET in a patient who at autopsy was found to have argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) with comorbid pathology to visualize reactive astrogliosis for the first time.

Clinicopathological diversity of semantic dementia: Comparisons of patients with early-onset versus late-onset, left-sided versus right-sided temporal atrophy, and TDP-type A versus type C pathology.

Semantic dementia (SD) is a unique clinicopathological entity associated with TDP-type C pathology. We present four cases of SD that illustrate the clinicopathological diversity of TDP-43 pathology, including early-onset cases of TDP-type C with corticospinal tract (CST) and motor neuron pathology and late-onset cases of TDP-type A with combined pathology. Case 1 was a 62-year-old man with semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) with left-predominant temporal atrophy and TDP-type C pathology with low Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC).

Serotonin syndrome induced by overdose of atomoxetine alone in a patient with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A case report.

Background: Serotonin syndrome is characterized by mental status changes, autonomic hyperactivity, and neuromuscular abnormalities. This syndrome results from various medications that engender serotonergic overactivity. Atomoxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Comparing Medial Temporal Atrophy Between Early-Onset Semantic Dementia and Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Using Voxel-Based Morphometry: A Multicenter MRI Study.

Background: Early-onset Semantic dementia (EOSD) and early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are often difficult to clinically differentiate in the early stages of the diseases because of the overlaps of clinical symptoms such as language symptoms. We compared the degree of atrophy in medial temporal structures between the two types of dementia using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD).

Methods: The participants included 29 (age: 61.

Associations of the A118G OPRM1 polymorphism with sociotropy and interpersonal sensitivity.

Background: The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) plays an important role in social bonding behaviors, while it is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. It is shown that the A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) of the MOR gene (OPRM1) causes amino-acid exchange from Asn to Asp, and that this polymorphism is associated with altered mu-opioid receptor function. Meanwhile, sociotropy/autonomy and interpersonal sensitivity are personality vulnerabilities to depression characterized by distinctive interpersonal styles.

Dopamine Transporter Imaging for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration With Motor Neuron Disease.

Introduction: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinical syndrome with pathological heterogeneity, including Pick's disease and trans-activating response region (TAR) DNA-binding protein with a molecular mass of 43 kDa (TDP-43) proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). A previous study reported abnormal findings on dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging in 30% of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in FTLD. However, the previous study did not consider the pathological heterogeneity of FTD regarding the pathomechanism leading to abnormal DAT findings.

Non-pharmacological Approaches to Apathy and Depression: A Scoping Review of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.

Apathy and depression are frequently observed as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, respectively, and are important for ensuring adequate care. This study aims to explore effective non-pharmacological interventions for apathy and depression with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Five search engines including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were used to extract relevant studies.

Clinicopathological heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease with pure Alzheimer's disease pathology: Cases associated with dementia with Lewy bodies, very early-onset dementia, and primary progressive aphasia.

We report four cases depicting the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with pure AD pathology. Case 1 was a 77-year-old man with a false positive diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies with reduced dopamine transporter uptake activity of the striatum but no Lewy body pathology. There were tau deposits in the large neurons in the putamen, which may be related to the development of parkinsonism.

Oxytocin receptor polymorphism influences characterization of harm avoidance by moderating susceptibility to affectionless control parenting.

Introduction: Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphism reportedly moderates effects of negative environments during childhood on mental function and behavior such as depressive symptoms and externalizing problems. This study examined OXTR gene polymorphism effects on personality traits in healthy participants, considering interaction effects of polymorphism with affectionless control (AC) parenting which is one of the dysfunctional and pathogenic parenting styles.

Methods: For 496 Japanese volunteers, personality was evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory.

Case Report: Changes in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Chronic Akathisia of a Depressed Patient Before and After Electroconvulsive Therapy Treatment.

Akathisia, which characterized by subjective restlessness and objective hyperactivity, is induced mostly by antipsychotics and antidepressants. Chronic akathisia is defined as persistence of symptoms for more than 3 months. The pathophysiology of chronic akathisia remains unclear.

Catatonia as the Initial Manifestation of Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

BACKGROUND Catatonia can occur in various neuropsychiatric disorders and is usually treated with benzodiazepines. So far, although 1 case of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) with catatonia has been reported, there have been no reports on patients with DLB whose initial symptom was a catatonia. Here, we present a patient who developed benzodiazepine-resistant catatonia and was subsequently diagnosed with DLB based on DLB biomarkers.

Comparison of the decreases in regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and parietal lobe between suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) shows Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neurodegeneration; however, amyloid β, which is a biological marker in AD, remains within normal levels. Since the effectiveness of anti-dementia drugs for AD on SNAP is unknown, it is important to distinguish between patients with SNAP and AD. We aimed to compare decreases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), precuneus, and parietal lobe critical to AD between SNAP and AD groups using the easy Z-score imaging system in single-photon emission computed tomography (eZIS-SPECT).

Improvement of Somatic Delusions with Altered Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient with Schizoaffective Disorder.

BACKGROUND Somatic delusions are false and fixed beliefs about health and organ function, which are observed in various psychiatric disorders. Psychotropic drugs such as antipsychotics and antidepressants are effective for some patients, while the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for pharmacotherapy-resistant cases has been reported. Previous reports suggest that somatic delusions in delusional disorder somatic type are associated with reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), but it remains unclear whether this association is also observed in other psychiatric disorders.

Comparison of Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls in the easy Z-score imaging system with differential image reconstruction methods using SPECT/CT: verification using normal database of our institution.

Objective: The easy Z-score imaging system (eZIS) analysis is used for the diagnosis of dementia by cerebral blood flow on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Differences in the acquisition and reconstruction conditions in SPECT may affect the eZIS analysis results. The present study aimed to construct our institutional normal database (NDB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-specific volumes of interest (VOIs) in eZIS analysis, and to compare the differential diagnostic ability between healthy controls (HC) and patients with AD in the image reconstruction filtered back projection (FBP) and ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) methods.

Musical Hallucinations Induced by Conventional Doses of Paroxetine.

BACKGROUND A musical hallucination (MH) is a type of auditory hallucination, and is defined as hearing music, sounds, or songs in the absence of external auditory stimuli. There are several case reports of conventional doses of tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants inducing MHs, but no such report for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Here we report a case of a patient with MHs induced by conventional doses of paroxetine.

Uncoupling root hair formation and defence activation from growth inhibition in response to damage-associated Pep peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, PROPEPs and their derived elicitor-active Pep epitopes provide damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which trigger defence responses through cell-surface receptors PEPR1 and PEPR2. In addition, Pep peptides induce root growth inhibition and root hair formation, however their relationships and coordinating mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we reveal that Pep1-mediated root hair formation requires PEPR-associated kinases BAK1/BKK1 and BIK1/PBL1, ethylene, auxin and root hair differentiation regulators, in addition to PEPR2.

Mu-Opioid Receptor Polymorphism Moderates Sensitivity to Parental Behaviors During Characterization of Personality Traits.

Purpose: Attachment research shows that attachment experiences with parents in childhood influence the characterization of personality traits. Meanwhile, it is known that mu-opioid receptor function is involved in human attachment. Furthermore, a few studies suggest that the A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene () is associated with altered mu-opioid receptor function.