Gallbladder cancer: Clinical and pathological approach.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) shows a marked geographical variation in its incidence. Middle-aged and elderly women are more commonly affected. Risk factors for its development include the presence of gallstones, chronic infection and pancreaticobiliary maljunction.

Methylation-mediated gene silencing as biomarkers of gastric cancer: a review.

Despite a decline in the overall incidence of gastric cancer (GC), the disease remains the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is thus a significant global health problem. The best means of improving the survival of GC patients is to screen for and treat early lesions. However, GC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and is associated with a poor prognosis.

Disappearance of a uterine arteriovenous malformation following long-term administration of oral norgestrel/ethinyl estradiol.

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) can cause sudden massive hemorrhage. We report a case of uterine AVM following curettage in a patient treated conservatively with an intermediate-dose pill. An 18-year-old gravida 2 para 0 underwent curettage at 12 weeks of gestation and was examined for massive genital hemorrhage that occurred in postoperative month 4.

Occurrence of pre- and postoperative stress urinary incontinence in 105 patients who underwent tension-free vaginal mesh surgery for pelvic organ prolapse: a retrospective study.

Objective. To examine retrospectively the occurrence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in patients who underwent transvaginal mesh repair (TVM) for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods.

Mitotic count reflects prognosis of gallbladder cancer particularly among patients with T3 tumor.

The surgical strategy for gallbladder cancer (GBC) depends on the extent of the disease. Thus, the identification of useful prognostic markers exerting strong prognostic impact for each T stage would be beneficial in the development of rational therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify useful prognostic markers of GBC for each T stage.

New molecular staging with G-factor supplements TNM classification in gastric cancer: a multicenter collaborative research by the Japan Society for Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis G-Project committee.

Background: The G-Project committee was erected by the Japan Society for Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis with an aim of establishing a new classification scheme based on molecular biological characteristics that would supplement the conventional TNM classification to better predict outcome.

Methods: In a literature search involving 822 articles on gastric cancer, eight molecules including p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4, olfactomedin-4 and Claudin-18 were selected as candidates to be included in the new molecular classification scheme named G-factor. A total of 210 cases of gastric cancer who underwent curative R0 resection were registered from four independent facilities.

Trichostatin A specifically stimulates gonadotropin FSHβ gene expression in gonadotroph LβT2 cells.

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a selective inhibitor of mammalian histone deacetylase. In the present study, TSA was found to selectively increase gene expression of the pituitary gonadotropin β-subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Stimulation of mouse pituitary gonadotroph cell lines, LβT2, with TSA for 24 h resulted in no change in mRNA expression of the α- and LHβ-subunit.

The Critical Impact of HIF-1a on Gastric Cancer Biology.

Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) monitors the cellular response to the oxygen levels in solid tumors. Under hypoxia conditions, HIF-1a protein is stabilized and forms a heterodimer with the HIF-1β subunit. The HIF-1 complex activates the transcription of numerous target genes in order to adapt the hypoxic environment in human cancer cells.

Actual status of clinical diagnosis in patients with primary gallbladder cancer associated with adenomyomatosis.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to reveal differences in clinical diagnosis of gallbladder cancer among patients with or without adenomyomatosis (ADM) by analyzing demonstrated tumor patterns on imaging and diagnostic opportunities.

Methods: Ninety-seven patients with gallbladder cancer were enrolled. Demonstrated imaging patterns were classified into mass lesion (ML), wall thickening (WT), and papillary lesion (PL).

Microwave endometrial ablation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz for menorrhagia: analysis of treatment results at a single facility.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of microwave endometrial ablation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz in women with menorrhagia. This method has been attracting attention as an alternative to hysterectomy in the treatment of functional and organic menorrhagia.

New molecular staging with G-factors (VEGF-C and Reg IV) by supplementing TNM classification in colorectal cancers.

Staging classification of colorectal cancers is performed by the UICC/TNM classification system, which is the global gold standard. However, we often experience in clinical practice that there are considerable differences in prognoses between patients who have the same classification particularly in stage II and III cancers. The aim of this study was to propose a new TNM-G classification to predict prognosis and recurrence by supplementing the conventional TNM classification.

Expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone receptors in mouse pituitary gonadotroph LβT2 cells and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing GT1-7 cells.

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) was first identified in quail as a novel neurohormone that acts directly on the anterior pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin release. GnIH inhibits not only gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland but also inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. In this study, we examined how GnIH receptors were regulated in pituitary gonadotroph cells and GnRH-producing neurons in the hypothalamus.

Kisspeptin induces expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells overexpressing G protein-coupled receptor 54.

Kisspeptin signaling through its receptor is crucial for many reproductive functions. However, the molecular mechanisms and biomedical significance of the regulation of GnRH neurons by kisspeptin have not been adequately elucidated. In the present study, we found that kisspeptin increases GnRH receptor (GnRHR) expression in a GnRH-producing cell line (GT1-7).

ESR1 gene amplification in endometrial carcinomas: a clinicopathological analysis.

This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene amplification and its relationship to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), p53, and AT rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) expression in endometrial carcinomas. ESR1 amplification and expression were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Clinical data were collected by retrospective chart review.

Assessment of aggressiveness of rectal cancer using 3-T MRI: correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient as a potential imaging biomarker and histologic prognostic factors.

Background: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) permits non-invasive assessment of tumor characteristics.

Purpose: To assess the value of DW-MRI as a potential non-invasive marker of tumor aggressiveness in rectal cancer by analyzing the relationship between tumoral apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of MRI and histopathologic prognostic parameters that are not affected by preoperative chemoradiation therapy.

Material And Methods: Forty patients with rectal cancer were assessed with primary staging 3-T MRI, including DWI, before undergoing surgical therapy.

HIF-1α is a crucial factor in the development of peritoneal dissemination via natural metastatic routes in scirrhous gastric cancer.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer remain unclear. Using in vivo metastatic models, this study attempted to clarify the role of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in the development of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. HIF-1α knockdown (KD) cells were established in the scirrhous gastric cancer cell line 58As9.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases expression of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells overexpressing PACAP type I receptor.

The present study demonstrates the action of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neuronal cells, GT1-7. Because we found the expression levels of PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC1R) to be low in these cells, we transfected them with PAC1R expression vector and observed the outcome. PACAP increased the activity of the serum response element (Sre) promoter, a target of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as well as the cAMP response element (Cre) promoter in GT1-7 cells overexpressing PAC1R.

KRAS and MAPK1 gene amplification in type II ovarian carcinomas.

In this study, we examined the clinical significance of KRAS and MAPK1 amplification and assessed whether these amplified genes were potential therapeutic targets in type II ovarian carcinoma. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and retrospectively collected clinical data, KRAS and MAPK1 amplifications were identified in 9 (13.2%) and 5 (7.

EphA4 is a prognostic factor in gastric cancer.

Background: Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor, consisting of a family of receptor tyrosine kinases, plays critical roles in tumour development and is considered an attractive target for cancer therapy.

Methods: Tumour samples were obtained from 222 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent gastrectomy. The expressions of EphA2, EphA4, and ephrinA1 were evaluated immunohistochemically.

Circulating kisspeptin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) do not correlate with gonadotropin serum levels.

Kisspeptins are known to be the principle regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. In addition, the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the regulation of pituitary gonadotropins has been elucidated. We measured plasma concentrations of kisspeptin and PACAP and determined whether the levels of these peptides varied in proportion to circulating gonadotropin levels.

A Case of Stage III c Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma: The Role for Predictive Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies.

Ovarian cancer treatment presently does not reflect molecular differences in histologic subtype. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) exhibits several differences in terms of molecular pathogenesis and tumor behavior from the more common, chemosensitive, serous carcinomas, which makes OCCC a candidate for targeted therapies. A 53-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed with stage IIIc ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma with marked chemoresistance to conventional regimens.

[A case of HELLP syndrome resulting in eclampsia with non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage].

It is known that hemorrhagic stroke at the perinatal period are caused by specifics conditions like eclampsia as well as by the existing abnormal vessels. We treated a case of HELLP syndrome resulting in eclampsia with non-aneurysmal, convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage. A 34-year-old female, who had been pointed out to have a high level of urinal protein at the 37th week, was seen in the emergency department because of severe headache, vomiting and respiratory discomfort.

Fatty acid synthase is a potential therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-/progesterone receptor-positive endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Objective: In the current study we investigated the clinicopathological significance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and its relationship with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Methods: FASN expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer was assessed by immunohistochemistry using 108 paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and clinical data collected from a retrospective chart review. The specific FASN inhibitor C75 was used to analyze the relationship between FASN expression and cell growth as well as ER/PR expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer cell lines.

PPP2R1A mutation is a rare event in ovarian carcinoma across histological subtypes.

Somatic mutations in PPP2R1A, which encodes a scaffolding subunit of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), have recently been described in different types of gynecological neoplasias. To extend this observation, we examined the frequency of PPP2R1A mutation in some major histological subtypes of type I and type II ovarian carcinoma. Mutational analysis of PPP2R1A (exons 5 and 6) was performed on 88 primary ovarian carcinomas, including mucinous, clear cell, high-grade serous, and high-grade endometrioid ovarian carcinoma.