Clinical and molecular significance of flow cytometric analysis for reactive oxygen species production and residual p67 expression in p67-deficient chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease caused by molecular defects in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. p67-CGD is an autosomal recessive CGD, which is caused by a defect in the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, p67, encoded by NCF2. We previously established a flow cytometric analysis for p67 expression, which allows accurate assessment of residual protein expression in p67-CGD.

Disseminated cortical and subcortical lesions in neonatal enterovirus 71 encephalitis.

Enteroviruses are one of the most important causes of viral encephalitis in the neonatal period. However, the non-specificity of the symptoms presented renders its diagnosis challenging. Intracranial MRI has been reported to be a very useful imaging modality that can detect the characteristic white matter lesions around the periventricular regions.

A case of tubulinopathy presenting with porencephaly caused by a novel missense mutation in the TUBA1A gene.

Background: Tubulinopathies include a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from abnormal ocular movement to severe brain malformations, and typically present as diffuse agyria or perisylvian pachygyria with microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and cerebellar hypoplasia. They are caused by the dysfunction of tubulins encoded by tubulin-related genes, and the TUBA1A gene encoding alpha-1A tubulin is most frequently responsible for this clinical entity. Porencephaly is relatively rare among patients with the TUBA1A mutations.

A case of pontine tegmental cap dysplasia with comorbidity of oculoauriculovertebral spectrum.

Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia (PTCD) is a newly described brainstem malformation with distinct neuroimaging findings, characterized by a flattened ventral pons, cerebellar vermal hypoplasia and vaulted pontine tegmentum that forms a "caplike" or "beaklike" bulge projecting into the fourth ventricle. We describe a 3-month-old infant male who presented with typical neuroradiological findings as well as clinical features of PTCD. Notably, he manifested multiple anomalies with left ocular and facial hypoplasia, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and rib and vertebral anomalies.

Rapid detection of intracellular p47phox and p67phox by flow cytometry; useful screening tests for chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects of NADPH oxidase. The diagnosis of CGD can be made by analysis of NADPH oxidase activity, however, identification of the CGD subgroups is required before performing mutation analysis. The membrane-bound subunits, gp91phox and p22phox, can be quickly analyzed by flow cytometry, unlike the cytosolic components, p47phox and p67phox.