Involvement of the γ-secretase-mediated EphA4 signaling pathway in synaptic pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

Loss of synapses is associated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism underlying this synaptic impairment is not well understood. EphA4 is a substrate of γ-secretase, and the γ-secretase-cleaved EphA4 intracellular domain (EICD) is known to enhance the formation of dendritic spines via activation of the Rac signaling pathway.

Synaptic activity prompts gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of EphA4 and dendritic spine formation.

Alzheimer's disease is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function. gamma-secretase dysfunction is evident in many cases of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanism by which gamma-secretase dysfunction results in memory loss and neurodegeneration is not fully understood.

The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1.

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence.