Therapeutic Intervention for Trunk Control Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Efficacy.

Objectives: Trunk control involves multiple brain regions related to motor control systems. Therefore, patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders frequently exhibit impaired trunk control, decreasing their activities of daily living (ADL). Although some therapeutic interventions for trunk impairments have been effective, their general effects on CNS disorders remain unclear.

The Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Therapeutic Efficacy of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Gastric Cancer.

This biomarker study explored HER2 expression levels and immune cell characteristics that may affect response to T-DXd using tumor tissue samples collected from clinical trial participants. The results suggest that HER2 expression levels and tumor characteristics before the initiation of T-DXd may correlate with the efficacy of the drug.

Prognostic and predictive factors for the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Background: Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting HER2-positive gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC). Although effective, T-DXd has notable toxicities, including interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors associated with T-DXd for GC/GEJC.

Case report: An N-of-1 study using amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation between Broca's area and the right homotopic area to improve post-stroke aphasia with increased inter-regional synchrony.

Over one-third of stroke survivors develop aphasia, and language dysfunction persists for the remainder of their lives. Brain language network changes in patients with aphasia. Recently, it has been reported that phase synchrony within a low beta-band (14-19 Hz) frequency between Broca's area and the homotopic region of the right hemisphere is positively correlated with language function in patients with subacute post-stroke aphasia, suggesting that synchrony is important for language recovery.

Special Issue: Evaluation of the Antitumor Mechanism of Armed Antibodies.

This Special Issue focuses on the use of therapeutic antibodies in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies [...

Quantitative Analysis of the Concentration of Trifluridine in Tumor Hypoxic Regions Using a Novel Platform Combining Functional Endoscopy and Mass Spectrometry.

Hypoxic regions in solid tumors are highly resistant to drugs and thus represents an obstacle in drug discovery. Currently, however, there are technical barriers in sampling human hypoxic tumors and examining drug delivery with high sensitivity and accuracy. Herein, we present a new platform combining functional endoscopy and highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assess drug delivery to hypoxic regions.

p70S6K/Akt dual inhibitor DIACC3010 is efficacious in preclinical models of gastric cancer alone and in combination with trastuzumab.

The PI3K-Akt-mTOR (PAM) pathway is implicated in tumor progression in many tumor types, including metastatic gastric cancer (GC). The initial promise of PAM inhibitors has been unrealized in the clinic, presumably due, in part, to the up-regulation of Akt signaling that occurs when the pathway is inhibited. Here we present that DIACC3010 (formerly M2698), an inhibitor of two nodes in the PAM pathway, p70S6K and Akt 1/3, blocks the pathway in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of GC while providing a mechanism that inhibits signaling from subsequent Akt up-regulation.

Swallow-related Brain Activity in Post-total Laryngectomy Patients: A Case Series Study.

Background: Total laryngectomy is a surgical procedure to completely remove the hyoid bone, larynx, and associated muscles as a curative treatment for laryngeal cancer. This leads to insufficient swallowing function with compensative movements of the residual tongue to propel the food bolus to the pharynx and esophagus. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of compensative swallowing after total laryngectomy remain unclear.

N-of-1 Trial of Electrical Sensory Stimulation Therapy on the Tibial Innervated Area during Gait in a Case of Post-stroke Sensory Disturbance.

Background: Transcutaneous electrical sensory nerve stimulation (TESS) is used to enhance the recovery of sensorimotor function in post-stroke hemiparesis. However, TESS efficacy for post-stroke gait disturbance remains unknown. We hypothesized that TESS on the area innervated by the tibial nerve, targeting the superficial plantar sensation, combined with gait training would improve gait function in patients with gait disturbance caused by severe superficial sensory disturbance after stroke.

Gait-combined closed-loop brain stimulation can improve walking dynamics in Parkinsonian gait disturbances: a randomised-control trial.

Objective: Gait disturbance lowers activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. However, the effectiveness of pharmacological, surgical and rehabilitative treatments is limited. We recently developed a novel neuromodulation approach using gait-combined closed-loop transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) for healthy volunteers and patients who are post-stroke, and achieved significant entrainment of gait rhythm and an increase in gait speed.

Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Post-stroke Dysphagia Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review of Meta-analyses in 2022.

Objectives: This study aimed to update the current knowledge on non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) effects, such as repetitive transcranial brain stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, in patients with post-stroke dysphagia (PSD).

Methods: We summarized the basic principles and therapeutic strategies of NIBS. We then reviewed nine meta-analyses from 2022 that investigated the efficacy of NIBS in PSD rehabilitation.

Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can alleviate spasticity and induce functional recovery in patients with severe chronic stroke: A prospective, non-controlled, pilot study.

Objective: Developing new therapies to improve motor function in patients with severe chronic stroke remains a major focus of neurorehabilitation. In this prospective, non-controlled, pilot study, we aimed to investigate the effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with occupational therapy (OT) on the motor function recovery of the affected upper limb in chronic stroke patients with severe upper limb hemiparesis.

Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 40) diagnosed with chronic stroke (time since stroke, ≥1 year) and upper limb hemiparesis were enrolled in this study.

Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of TAK-931, a Cell Division Cycle 7 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: A Phase I First-in-Human Study.

Purpose: We conducted a first-in-human, dose-escalation study, to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and activity of TAK-931, a cell division cycle 7 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.

Experimental Design: Patients ages ≥20 years received oral TAK-931: once daily for 14 days in 21-day cycles (schedule A; from 30 mg); once daily or twice daily for 7 days on, 7 days off in 28-day cycles (schedule B; from 60 mg); continuous once daily (schedule D; from 20 mg); or once daily for 2 days on, 5 days off (schedule E; from 100 mg) in 21-day cycles.

Results: Of the 80 patients enrolled, all had prior systemic treatment and 86% had stage IV disease.

Case report: Backward gait training combined with gait-synchronized cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation in progressive supranuclear palsy.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by recurrent falls caused by postural instability, and a backward gait is considered beneficial for postural instability. Furthermore, a recent approach for rehabilitation combined with gait-oriented synchronized stimulation using non-invasive transcranial patterned stimulation could be promising for balance function. Here, we present a case of PSP with backward gait training combined with gait-synchronized transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

Case report: A novel approach of closed-loop brain stimulation combined with robot gait training in post-stroke gait disturbance.

Most post-stroke patients have long-lasting gait disturbances that reduce their daily activities. They often show impaired hip and knee joint flexion and ankle dorsiflexion of the lower limbs during the swing phase of gait, which is controlled by the corticospinal tract from the primary motor cortex (M1). Recently, we reported that gait-synchronized closed-loop brain stimulation targeting swing phase-related activity in the affected M1 can improve gait function in post-stroke patients.

Quantitative analysis of drug distribution in heterogeneous tissues using dual-stacking capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Background And Purpose: Intratumour heterogeneity frequently leads to drug resistance, which is a major issue in drug discovery. Drug distribution is one of the key factors for elucidating the resistance mechanism; however, quantitative and regional drug measurement is challenging. Here, we developed a novel ultra-sensitive analytical method and applied it to HER3-targeting antibody-drug conjugate patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd), aiming to explore its payload (DXd) distribution within heterogeneous tissues.

Case Report: Event-Related Desynchronization Observed During Volitional Swallow by Electroencephalography Recordings in ALS Patients With Dysphagia.

Dysphagia is a severe disability affecting daily life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is caused by degeneration of both the bulbar motor neurons and cortical motoneurons projecting to the oropharyngeal areas. A previous report showed decreased event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the medial sensorimotor areas in ALS dysphagic patients.

Strengthening the GABAergic System Through Neurofeedback Training Suppresses Implicit Motor Learning.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity within the primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for motor learning in cortical plasticity, and a recent study has suggested that real-time neurofeedback training (NFT) can self-regulate GABA activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of GABA activity strengthening via NFT on subsequent motor learning. Thirty-six healthy participants were randomly assigned to either an NFT group or control group, which received sham feedback.

Event-Related Desynchronization and Corticomuscular Coherence Observed During Volitional Swallow by Electroencephalography Recordings in Humans.

Swallowing in humans involves many cortical areas although it is partly mediated by a series of brainstem reflexes. Cortical motor commands are sent to muscles during swallow. Previous works using magnetoencephalography showed event-related desynchronization (ERD) during swallow and corticomuscular coherence (CMC) during tongue movements in the bilateral sensorimotor and motor-related areas.

Knee Valgus during Jump Landing Is Related to the Inaccuracy of Knee Position Recognition in Healthy Young Women.

Objective: Knee valgus during jump landing is a cause of knee injuries during sports activities. Body recognition is important for maintaining the knees and other body parts in their proper positions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether knee valgus during jump landing in healthy young women is related to the inaccuracy of recognition of bilateral knee positions in the squatting position.

[New Armed Antibody"ADC: Antibody-Drug Conjugate"for Solid Tumor].

Armed antibodies, of which are representative antibody-drug conjugate(ADC)and radioimmunotherapy(RIT), are attracting attention as next-generation antibody drugs with high efficacy and low side effects. Armed antibodies require clinically optimized adaptation and development strategies, in addition to the fusion of basic technologies such as organic chemistry, protein chemistry, imaging technology, structural biology, and biomarker research. In armed antibodies, the antibody is only a carrier for deliver and its therapeutic effect affects the specificity/strength of the payload, which is the effector agent for target molecules on cell surface.

Transcranial static magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex can facilitate the contralateral cortical excitability in human.

Transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) has been focused as a new non-invasive brain stimulation, which can suppress the human cortical excitability just below the magnet. However, the non-regional effects of tSMS via brain network have been rarely studied so far. We investigated whether tSMS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate the right M1 in healthy subjects, based on the hypothesis that the functional suppression of M1 can cause the paradoxical functional facilitation of the contralateral M1 via the reduction of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the bilateral M1.