An automated time-of-drug-addition assay to routinely determine the mode of action of HIV-1 inhibitors.

Cell-based high-throughput screening campaigns are widely used to identify novel antiviral compounds, for example, against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Typically, these assays enable identification of compounds that potentially target any viral or cellular factor involved in the viral replication cycle. Unraveling the mechanism of action of these active compounds is an important step to facilitate further drug development.

A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay to identify inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) initiates infection through sequential interactions with CD4 and chemokine coreceptors unmasking the gp41 subunit of the viral envelope protein. Consequently, the N-terminal heptad repeats of gp41 form a trimeric coiled-coil groove in which the C-terminal heptad repeats collapse, generating a stable six-helix bundle. This brings the viral and cell membrane in close proximity enabling fusion and the release of viral genome in the cytosol of the host cell.

A fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay to identify HIV-1 inhibitors.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) dramatically increases the long-term survival rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients. Yet, poor adherence to therapy, adverse effects and the occurrence of resistant viruses can compromise the efficacy of HAART regiments. Therefore, there remains a clear unmet medical need for novel drugs and treatment options.

MAPPIT as a high-throughput screening assay for modulators of protein-protein interactions in HIV and HCV.

The discovery of novel antivirals for HIV and HCV has been a focus of intensive research for many years. Where the inhibition of critical viral enzymes by small molecules has proven effective for many viruses, there is considerable merit in pursuing protein-protein interactions (PPIs) as targets for therapeutic intervention. The mammalian protein-protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) is a two-hybrid system used for the study of PPIs.

A time-resolved fluorescence assay to identify small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion.

Fusion of host cell and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) membranes is mediated by the 2 "heptad-repeat" regions of the viral gp41 protein. The collapse of the C-terminal heptad-repeat regions into the hydrophobic grooves of a coiled-coil formed by the corresponding homotrimeric N-terminal heptad-repeat regions generates a stable 6-helix bundle. This brings viral and cell membranes together for membrane fusion, facilitating viral entry.

Development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus.

The severity and global spread of the 2003 outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) highlighted the risks to human health posed by emerging viral diseases and emphasized the need for specific therapeutic agents instead of relying on existing broadly active antiviral compounds. The development of rapid screening assays is essential for antiviral drug discovery. Thus, a screening system for anti-SARS-CoV agents was developed, which evaluated compound potency, specificity and cytotoxicity at the initial screening phase.