Variation and distribution in temporalis muscle innervation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of anatomical studies.

Background: Despite extensive discourse on the utilisation of the temporal muscle for facial reanimation, anatomical description regarding the innervation of its motor nerve branches is incomplete and varied. This systematic review aimed to consolidate the existing evidence concerning the distribution and variation in the pattern of temporalis innervation.

Methods: A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature search was conducted in November 2023 and included studies offering anatomical insights into the distribution and variation of temporalis innervation patterns.

Outcomes of temporalis muscle-based facial reanimation surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Despite the encouraging findings of temporalis muscle-based facial reanimation surgery without the need for nerve grafting, there is a need for comprehensive evaluation of the impact of temporalis-based facial reanimation surgery on key outcome measures.

Methods: Comprehensive search in Medline and Embase databases were carried out up to 25 February 2023. The articles that examined facial reanimation surgery using the temporalis muscle were included in this study.

Treatment Approaches for Altered Facial Expression: A Systematic Review in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy and Other Neurological Diseases.

Background: Facial weakness is a key feature of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and may lead to altered facial expression and subsequent psychosocial impairment. There is no cure and supportive treatments focus on optimizing physical fitness and compensation of functional disabilities.

Objective: We hypothesize that symptomatic treatment options and psychosocial interventions for other neurological diseases with altered facial expression could be applicable to FSHD.

A new minimally invasive, nonexcisional, surgical browlift technique with minimal scarring: a protocol for a prospective observational study.

Background: The aim of this study is to prospectively evaluate the new minimal invasive (MINE) browlift technique with possibly superior results and minimal visible scarring.

Study Design: A prospective observational study will be performed on all available data from patients who will undergo a browlift procedure in the HMC from 1 June 2021 till 31 May 2024. Our goal is to include at least 50 patients.

Psychosocial functioning in patients with altered facial expression: a scoping review in five neurological diseases.

Purpose: To perform a scoping review to investigate the psychosocial impact of having an altered facial expression in five neurological diseases.

Methods: A systematic literature search was performed. Studies were on Bell's palsy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Moebius syndrome, myotonic dystrophy type 1, or Parkinson's disease patients; had a focus on altered facial expression; and had any form of psychosocial outcome measure.

Botulinum toxin treatment of the buccinator muscle facial synkinesis: A systematic review.

Background: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the available literature assessing the treatment of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of synkinesis of the buccinator muscle in patients with peripheral facial palsy (PFP).

Materials And Methods: A multi database search was performed, including the following databases: Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Each database was searched from its earliest date until 8 June 2023.

The surgical anatomy of the deep temporal nerve: A cadaveric study.

Background: The aims of this study were to investigate the surgical anatomy of the deep temporal nerve (DTN) and find (fixed/static) anatomical landmarks that could be used during surgery to localise the DTN branches.

Methods: Ten hemifaces of Dutch cadavers were dissected at the Department of Anatomy of the Radboudumc. Landmarks and measurements of interest were number of branches of the DTN, distance from the tragus to the DTN, and distance from the cranial and caudal parts of the posterior root of the zygomatic bone until the DTN.

Automatic grading of patients with a unilateral facial paralysis based on the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System - A deep learning study based on a convolutional neural network.

Purpose: In order to assess the severity and the progression of a unilateral peripheral facial palsy the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) is a well-established grading system due to its clinical relevance, sensitivity, and robust measuring method. However, training is required in order to achieve a high inter-rater reliability. This study investigated the automated grading of facial palsy patients based on the SFGS using a convolutional neural network.

Botulinum toxin A treatment in facial palsy synkinesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Synkinesis is defined as involuntary movements accompanying by voluntary movements and can occur during the aftermath of peripheral facial palsy, causing functional, aesthetic and psychological problems in the patient. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is frequently used as a safe and effective treatment; however, there is no standardized guideline for the use of BTX-A in synkinesis. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize studies about the BTX-A treatment of synkinesis in patients with a history of peripheral facial palsy; including given dosages, injection sites and time intervals between injections.

Changes of Facial Features After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review.

This study aims to provide an overview of the facial features and structure after bariatric surgery in the existing literature. A systematic literature search was performed in electronic databases until 15th February 2022. Four cohort studies including 129 patients from 3 countries were included between time period 2011 and 2020.

Deep temporal nerve transfer: A systematic review of anatomy, anatomical landmarks and clinical applications.

Background: Facial paralysis has a debilitating impact on facial function, especially the eyebrow. Static procedures have long been the standard treatment strategy, but in more recent years, dynamic procedures are being developed. To reconstruct the upper branches of the facial nerve (temporal and zygomatic branches), the deep temporal nerve (DTN) and its branches, with its close proximity to the eyebrow, can be used as a possible donor nerve for reinnervation.

A cross-sectional analysis of facial palsy-related quality of life in 125 patients: Comparing linear, quadratic and cubic regression analyses.

Introduction: Facial function correlates with quality of life in facial palsy. Previous studies have examined a linear relationship; based on clinical experience, we hypothesize a curved regression (i.e.

Psychological counselling in patients with a peripheral facial palsy: initial experience from an expert centre.

Background: The aims of this pilot study were to evaluate the psychologist's role on the multidisciplinary team during peripheral facial palsy (PFP) patient care and to identify the potential predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms/disorders in PFP patients.

Methods: Using the prospective non-controlled study design, PFP patients aged 18-75 years who presented to the Radboud Facial Palsy Expert Centre, the Netherlands, were enrolled during a 1-year interval. The main outcome variables were 1) anxiety and depression in relation to PFP using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and 2) the outcome of psychological counselling in patients with a HADS score ≥ 8.

[Dynamic procedures for facial nerve reconstruction].

In this article the indications and surgical treatment options for patients with facial nerve palsy are discussed. A distinction is made between static and dynamic surgical procedures. Static reconstructions for example are used to restore the eyelid closure function.

Interpreting Quality-of-Life Questionnaires in Patients with Long-Standing Facial Palsy.

To interpret change in quality-of-life scores in facial palsy patients by calculating the smallest detectable change (SDC) and minimal important change (MIC) for the Facial Disability Index (FDI), Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) scale, and Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ). The SDC, for individuals and groups, was calculated using previously collected test-retest data (2-week interval). The MIC (predictive modeling method) was calculated in a second similar facial palsy population using two measurements (1-1.

Cosmetic appreciation and emotional processing in patients with a peripheral facial palsy: A systematic review.

Background; The goal of this review is 1) to summarize the studies assessing PFP by casual observers, patients themselves and the cosmetic appreciation of the PFP and 2) to summarize the studies assessing whether there is a difference in emotional recognition/processing of facial emotions and/or cognitive tasks in patients with a PFP. Materials and Methods; A multi-database systematic literature search was performed using the following databases: Pubmed, Embase, Medline, and The Cochrane Library from the earliest date of each database up to December 2019. Population of interest consisted of patients with a PFP and studies that investigated cosmetic appreciation and/or emotional recognition and/or emotional processing in these patients.

Association between duration of peripheral facial palsy, severity, and age of the patient, and psychological distress.

Background: Peripheral facial palsy (PFP) (paralysis) can be a devastating condition that has been shown to have associations with increased depression and worse quality of life. The aim of the present study is to better understand the complex association of psychological distress with the duration, severity, and age of patients with PFP. We hypothesize that a shorter duration of PFP is associated with higher levels of psychological distress.

e-Health and telemedicine implementation in facial paralysis: challenges and pitfalls.

During the current Covid-19 pandemic, a lot of changes had to be made in the care of patients with facial nerve paralysis (FNP). FNP is a life-changing condition with effects on both physical (both esthetic and functional) and psychological aspects of the patient's life. Telemedicine could be a suitable alternative in the therapy for these patients, since it is often not possible to travel to outpatient clinics or to have normal face-to-face appointments with treating physicians because of pandemic restrictions.

Reliability and Agreement of 3D Anthropometric Measurements in Facial Palsy Patients Using a Low-Cost 4D Imaging System.

The reliability (precision) and agreement (accuracy) of anthropometric measurements based on manually placed 3D landmarks using the RealSense D415 were investigated in this paper. Thirty facial palsy patients, with their face in neutral (resting) position, were recorded simultaneously with the RealSense and a professional 3dMD imaging system. First the RealSense depth accuracy was determined.

A closer look at the paralyzed face; a narrative review of the neurobiological basis for functional and aesthetic appreciation between patients with a left and a right peripheral facial palsy.

Background: The facial nerve or n. facialis (NVII) is the seventh cranial nerve and it is responsible for the innervation of the mimic muscles, the gustatory organ, and the secretomotor function to the salivary, lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands. Clinical presentation of Facial Palsy (FP) is characterized by unilateral facial asymmetry and may present with a change in taste, decreased saliva production, and dysarthria.

[Consider the diagnosis 'Bell's palsy' carefully].

Patients with facial palsy present with both cosmetic and functional symptoms. When a facial palsy develops quickly (within 72 hours) with no other symptoms, and no cause can be identified, it is probably an idiopathic facial palsy or 'Bell's palsy'. The diagnosis Bell's palsy is, thus, to a certain extent a diagnosis 'per exclusionem'.

Depth accuracy of the RealSense F200: Low-cost 4D facial imaging.

The RealSense F200 represents a new generation of economically viable 4-dimensional imaging (4D) systems for home use. However, its 3D geometric (depth) accuracy has not been clinically tested. Therefore, this study determined the depth accuracy of the RealSense, in a cohort of patients with a unilateral facial palsy (n = 34), by using the clinically validated 3dMD system as a gold standard.

A prospective cohort study assessing differences in cosmetic appreciation of lateralization while smiling in patients with a peripheral facial palsy.

We investigated the differences in cosmetic appreciation of patients with a left and a right peripheral facial palsy (PFP) while smiling. Smiling pictures of patients with a facial palsy with House-Brackmann II-VI were reversed as a mirror image and offered as a pair of pictures, together with the true image. Twenty-six patients with a PFP and 24 medical professionals familiar with facial palsy were asked to choose the most attractive photograph.