Transparent model of temporal bone and vestibulocochlear organ made by 3D printing.

The vestibulocochlear organ is composed of tiny complex structures embedded in the petrous part of the temporal bone. Landmarks on the temporal bone surface provide the only orientation guide for dissection, but these need to be removed during the course of dissection, making it difficult to grasp the underlying three-dimensional structures, especially for beginners during gross anatomy classes. We report herein an attempt to produce a transparent three-dimensional-printed model of the human ear.

Simple ways to dissect ciliary ganglion for orbital anatomical education.

In the case of anatomical dissection as part of medical education, it is difficult for medical students to find the ciliary ganglion (CG) since it is small and located deeply in the orbit between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle and embedded in the orbital fat. Here, we would like to introduce simple ways to find the CG by 1): tracing the sensory and parasympathetic roots to find the CG from the superior direction above the orbit, 2): transecting and retracting the lateral rectus muscle to visualize the CG from the lateral direction of the orbit, and 3): taking out whole orbital structures first and dissecting to observe the CG. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed from the standpoint of decreased laboratory time and students as beginners at orbital anatomy.

Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase by Clotrimazole Induces Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Activation through a Novel Transcriptional Element.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) is a basolaterally localized transporter in the liver and contributes to the transport of various metabolites such as conjugates of endogenous compounds and drugs from hepatocytes. MRP3 expression in the human liver is low under normal physiologic conditions but is induced by drug treatment. Although several studies have identified a region necessary for the basal transcription of MRP3, no region that responds to drugs has been reported.