PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTAZIDIME IN SIGNAL CRAYFISH () FOLLOWING A SINGLE DOSE.

Crustaceans are housed in zoos and aquariums and have also gained importance in the private sector and food industry. Shell lesions are common and often attributed to bacterial infections. However, few controlled studies have been performed evaluating antibiotics in crustaceans.

Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular L-carvone in sheep.

Objective: To measure and model concentrations of the analgesic L-carvone, a natural component of spearmint, over time when administered IM to sheep and to characterize L-carvone's effects on CBCs and clinical biochemistry panels.

Methods: L-carvone formulated as a 50% solution (v/v) in ethanol and propylene glycol was administered at 71.6 mg/kg IM, split between each semitendinosus muscle in 6 sheep.

Pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of single-dose oral gabapentin in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Objective: To assess the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of a single administration of oral gabapentin in African cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) at 2 different dosages.

Methods: Adult cheetahs (n = 16) located at 3 different zoological institutions were prospectively enrolled to receive single doses of gabapentin administered at 2 different dosages (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). Venipuncture was performed under behavioral restraint at predetermined time points over a 24-hour period using a sparse sampling model.

Detection of levamisole and its metabolites in horses after oral levamisole administration over seven days.

Objective: Levamisole is a regulated substance sometimes administered to racehorses to treat equine protozoal myelitis. Metabolites include compound II, aminorex, and pemoline. Aminorex and pemoline are Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority-banned substances.

Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine administered via matrix-type transdermal patches applied at three different anatomical locations in healthy adult horses.

Background: Anatomical location-dependent differences in transdermal opioid penetration are well described in human patients. Although this has been investigated in horses with fentanyl, there is no literature available on location-dependent plasma buprenorphine concentrations when administered as a transdermal matrix-type patch.

Objective: This study aims to compare the plasma concentrations achieved from the matrix-type transdermal buprenorphine patches placed at different anatomical sites (metacarpus, gaskin, and ventral tail base) in healthy adult horses.

Subcutaneous amikacin administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) produces prolonged detectable plasma concentrations without biochemistry evidence of impaired renal function.

Objective: To establish pilot data on the plasma concentrations of SC amikacin at 2 doses in red-eared sliders and evaluate concurrent plasma biochemistry parameters.

Animals: 8 adult red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans).

Methods: Amikacin was administered SC at target doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg with a 3-week washout period.

Morphine synovial fluid concentrations after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses during standing sedation.

Background: Addition of morphine to the perfusate while performing intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) may be helpful in treating painful infectious orthopaedic conditions of the distal limb.

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine synovial morphine concentrations following IVRLP with morphine alone or in combination with amikacin.

Study Design: Randomised cross-over in vivo experiment.

Systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide is increased from intrasynovial versus extrasynovial sites and induces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Steroid-associated laminitis remains a major concern with use of corticosteroids in horses. Individual case factors such as joint pathology, pre-existing endocrinopathies, or corticosteroid type, dose, and timing influencing steroid-induced laminitis risk have not been investigated. This study aimed to determine if systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) varies between intrasynovial (antebrachiocarpal) and extrasynovial (sacroiliac) injection sites, and to determine the effects of TA absorption on glucose, insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Direct Umbilical Vein Injection of Epinephrine with Cut-Cord Milking in an Ovine Model of Neonatal Resuscitation.

Background: An umbilical venous catheter (UVC) is the preferred route of epinephrine administration during neonatal resuscitation but requires specialized equipment, expertise, and time.

Hypothesis: Direct injection of epinephrine into the umbilical vein (UV) followed by milking a ~20 cm segment of cut umbilical cord to flush the epinephrine (DUV + UCM) will lead to a quicker administration and earlier return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) compared with epinephrine given through a UVC.

Design: Eighteen near-term asphyxiated lambs were randomized to receive a low-UVC or DUV + UCM of epinephrine at 0.

Population pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intramuscular administration to exercised thoroughbred horses.

Butorphanol is commonly administered, both by the intravenous and intramuscular routes, to racehorses to facilitate handling for diagnostic procedures. As the administration of butorphanol for therapeutic purposes is considered appropriate, in order to avoid inadvertent positive drug tests, a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of this drug is necessary. In the current study, 12, exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered a single intramuscular dose of 0.

Pharmacokinetics of a continuous intravenous infusion of hydromorphone in healthy dogs.

Introduction: Dosing recommendations for hydromorphone intravenous constant rate infusion (IV CRI) are derived from simulations following IV bolus administration. While this extrapolated dose regimen has been described clinically, pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydromorphone infusions in dogs are not yet described. The study objective was to describe the PK of hydromorphone in healthy dogs receiving an IV bolus followed by an IV CRI for 48 h.

The pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral atorvastatin and its metabolites support therapeutic use in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

Objective: To evaluate the plasma concentrations and determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin and its primary active metabolites (para- and orthohydroxyatorvastatin) after administration of a single oral dose in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

Animals: 14 adult cockatiels (7 male, 7 female) around 2 years of age.

Methods: A compounded oral suspension of atorvastatin 10 mg/mL made with an oral suspending agent and an oral sweetener was administered via oral gavage at 20 mg/kg to each bird.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl administered via transdermal patch in horses.

Introduction: Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl in horses is crucial for optimizing pain management strategies in veterinary medicine.

Methods: Six adult horses were enrolled in a randomized crossover design. Treatments included: placebo, two 100 mcg/h patches (LDF), four 100 mcg/h patches (MDF), and six 100 mcg/h patches (HDF).

Pharmacokinetics of intraarticular liposomal amphotericin B in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).

Lameness is a significant welfare concern in goats. Amphotericin B is used via intraarticular (IA) administration in models to study experimentally induced lameness in large animals. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for amphotericin B in goats after a single IA administration.

Evaluation of physical variables, thermal nociceptive threshold testing and pharmacokinetics during placement of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch in healthy adult horses.

Background: Matrix type transdermal buprenorphine patches have not been investigated in horses and may provide an effective means of providing continuous pain control for extended period and eliminating venous catheterization.

Objective: Assessment of the physiological variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) and thermal nociceptive threshold testing, and describing the pharmacokinetic profile of transdermal buprenorphine matrix-type patch (20 μg h and 40 μg h dosing) in healthy adult horses.

Study Design: Randomised experimental study with a Latin-square design.

Caffeine pharmacokinetics following umbilical vein injection during delayed cord clamping in preterm lambs.

Background: Spontaneous breathing during and after delayed cord clamping (DCC) stabilizes cardiopulmonary transition at birth. Caffeine stimulates breathing and decreases apnea in premature newborns. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of early caffeine administration-direct injection into the umbilical vein (UV) during DCC or administered through a UV catheter (UVC) after delivery.

Effect of clodronate on gene expression in the peripheral blood of horses.

There are two FDA-approved bisphosphonate products, clodronate (Osphos®) and tiludronate (Tildren®), for use in horses. It is hypothesized that bisphosphonates can produce analgesic effects and prevent proper healing of microcracks in bone. Therefore, bisphosphonate use is banned in racehorses.

Pharmacokinetics of hydrorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of hydromorphone 0.2 mg kg administered by the intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) route in ferrets.

Study Design: Randomized, crossover study.

Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral atorvastatin and its metabolites support therapeutic use in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).

Objective: To evaluate the plasma concentrations and determine pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin and its primary active metabolites (para- and ortho-hydroxyatorvastatin) after administration of a single oral dose in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).

Animals: 8 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (4 male, 4 female) of varying ages.

Methods: A compounded oral suspension of atorvastatin 10 mg/mL was administered via oral gavage at 20 mg/kg to each bird.