External Hydrocephalus as a Cause of Infant Subdural Hematoma: Epidemiological and Radiological Investigations of Infants Suspected of Being Abused.

Background: Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in infants have been regarded as highly specific for abuse. Other causes of CSDH have not been investigated in a large population.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent external hydrocephalus is present in infants with ASDH and CSDH undergoing evaluation for abuse.

Retinal haemorrhage in infants investigated for suspected maltreatment is strongly correlated with intracranial pathology.

Aim: To test the two prevailing hypotheses regarding the aetiology of infant retinal haemorrhage: (a) traction forces exerted by the lens and/or corpus vitreum on the retina during infant shaking or (b) retinal vessel leakage secondary to intracranial pathology and raised intracranial pressure.

Methods: Comparison of medical findings and reported type of trauma in infants investigated for suspected physical abuse with presence (n = 29) or non-presence of retinal haemorrhage (RH) (n = 119).

Results: Intracranial pathology was recorded in 15 (13%) of the non-RH cases and in 27 (97%) of the RH cases (p < 0.

Re-evaluation of medical findings in alleged shaken baby syndrome and abusive head trauma in Norwegian courts fails to support abuse diagnoses.

Aim: The criteria for diagnosing abusive head trauma (AHT) are not well defined and this condition might be diagnosed on failing premises. Our aim was to review criminal AHT cases in Norwegian courts by scrutinising the underlying medical documentation.

Methods: Cases were identified in the data registry for Norwegian courts from 2004 to 2015.

Thrombosis is not a marker of bridging vein rupture in infants with alleged abusive head trauma.

Aim: Thrombosis of bridging veins has been suggested to be a marker of bridging vein rupture, and thus AHT, in infants with subdural haematoma.

Methods: This is a non-systematic review based on Pubmed search, secondary reference tracking and authors' own article collections.

Results: Radiological studies asserting that imaging signs of cortical vein thrombosis were indicative of traumatic bridging vein rupture were unreliable as they lacked pathological verification of either thrombosis or rupture, and paid little regard to medical conditions other than trauma.

Is external hydrocephalus a possible differential diagnosis when child abuse is suspected?

Background: Criteria for diagnosing abusive head trauma (AHT) or "shaken baby syndrome" are not well defined; consequently, these conditions might be diagnosed on failing premises.

Methods: The authors have collected a total of 28 infants, from the US (20) and Norway (8), suspected of having been violently shaken, and their caregivers had been suspected, investigated, prosecuted or convicted of having performed this action. Among 26 symptomatic infants, there were 18 boys (69%) and 8 girls (31%)-mean age 5.

Medical findings and symptoms in infants exposed to witnessed or admitted abusive shaking: A nationwide registry study.

Background: Many physicians regard the combination of encephalopathy, subdural haemorrhage (SDH), retinal haemorrhage (RH), rib fractures, and classical metaphyseal lesions (CML) as highly specific for abusive head trauma (AHT). However, without observed abuse or other criteria that are independent of these findings, bias risk is high.

Methods: Infants subjected for examination under the suspicion of maltreatment during the period 1997-2014 were identified in the National Patient Registry, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 SE).

Difficult birth is the main contributor to birth-related fracture and accidents to other neonatal fractures.

Aim: Specific birth-related fractures have been studied; underestimates might be a problem. We aimed to assess all fractures diagnosed as birth-related as well as other neonatal fractures.

Methods: A population-based study on all infants born in Sweden 1997-2014; data were retrieved from the Swedish Health Registers (10th version of International Classification of Diseases.

Examining perinatal subdural haematoma as an aetiology of extra-axial hygroma and chronic subdural haematoma.

Aim: Benign external hydrocephalus (BEH), hygroma and chronic subdural haematoma are extra-axial fluid collections in infants. MRI studies have shown that almost half of all new-borns have perinatal subdural blood, generally referred to as subdural haematoma (SDH) or perinatal SDH. Epidemiologically there are striking similarities between chronic SDH and BEH in infants.

Medical diagnoses among infants at entry in out-of-home care: A Swedish population-register study.

Background And Aims: Identification of child abuse involves a medical investigation and assessment of problems related to social environment and upbringing and might necessitate out-of-home care. The objective of this study was to analyse infants placed in out-of-home care in Sweden by incidence, medical diagnoses, and perinatal factors.

Methods: This was a population-based register study of infants born in Sweden 1997 to 2014.

Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts-A Prospective Study.

Background: Arachnoid cysts yield cognitive deficits that are normalized after surgical cyst decompression.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether arachnoid cysts also affect symptoms of anxiety and depression, and if surgical cyst decompression leads to reduction of these symptoms.

Methods: Twenty-two adult patients (13 men and 9 women) with symptomatic temporal or frontal cysts were included in this questionnaire (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS])-based prospective study.

Surgical decompression of arachnoid cysts leads to improved quality of life: a prospective study-long-term follow-up.

Background: In a previous study, we reported a short-term (6 months) postoperative improvement of health-related quality of life (Qol) in patients operated for an arachnoid cyst (AC). The aim was to investigate whether this initial improvement was permanent.

Methods: A long-term (5 ± 2 years) prospective study comparing Qol and complaints before and 5 ± 2 years after surgical fenestration for AC in 76 adult patients, using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) scores, Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) questionnaires, and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) for headache and dizziness, similarly to what they did at short-term follow-up.

Clinical, Radiological, and Demographic Details of Benign External Hydrocephalus: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Benign external hydrocephalus has an incidence of about 0.4 per 1000 live births. It affects infants and is characterized by an increasing head circumference and typical neuroimaging findings.

Quality of life and physician-reported developmental, cognitive, and social problems in children with benign external hydrocephalus-long-term follow-up.

Introduction: Benign external hydrocephalus (BEH) is characterized by too rapidly increasing head circumference in infants, combined with typical neuroimaging findings. Psychomotor developmental delay is typically seen during the first few years of life; after that, the children's development assumedly normalizes. However, little is known about the long-term effects of BEH.

Epidemiology of subdural haemorrhage during infancy: A population-based register study.

Objectives: To analyse subdural haemorrhage (SDH) during infancy in Sweden by incidence, SDH category, diagnostic distribution, age, co-morbidity, mortality, and maternal and perinatal risk factors; and its association with accidents and diagnosis of abuse.

Methods: A Swedish population-based register study comprising infants born between 1997 and 2014, 0-1 years of age, diagnosed with SDH-diagnoses according to the (International Classification of Diseases, 10th version (ICD10), retrieved from the National Patient Register and linked to the Medical Birth Register and the Death Cause Register. Outcome measures were: 1) Incidence and distribution, 2) co-morbidity, 3) fall accidents by SDH category, 4) risk factors for all SDHs in the two age groups, 0-6 and 7-365 days, and for ICD10 SDH subgroups: S06.