Introduction: There are established protocols for staged return to physical activity in sport and military settings following concussion. Currently, there is no evidence-based staged return to shooting protocol in use by the U.S.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is a mediator in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Surprisingly, previous studies suggested that primary cilia (PC), the essential organelles for HH signal transduction, were lost in PDAC. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of PC in human normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and during carcinogenesis to PDAC with focus on both epithelia and stroma.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCircular external fixators are commonly used to surgically treat a variety of orthopedic conditions. However, distortion artifact may mislead the radiographic interpreter as to the true anatomic location of the transfixing wires and either negatively impact patient healing or lead to unnecessary procedures. Distortion is due to unequal magnification of different parts of an object.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolymer-drug conjugates (polymer therapeutics) are finding increasing use as novel anticancer agents. Here a series of poly(ethylene glycol) PEG-doxorubicin (Dox) conjugates were synthesized using polymers of linear or branched architecture (molecular weight 5000-20000 g/mol) and with different peptidyl linkers (GFLG, GLFG, GLG, GGRR, and RGLG). The resultant conjugates had a drug loading of 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater soluble polymer anticancer conjugates can improve the pharmacokinetics of covalently bound drugs by limiting cellular uptake to the endocytic route, thus prolonging plasma circulation time and consequently facilitating tumor targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many of the first generation antitumor polymer conjugates used nonbiodegradable polymeric carriers which limits the molecular weight that can be safely used to <40,000 g/mol. The aim of this ambitious study was to synthesize and evaluate a novel, prototype biodegradable polymeric system based on high molecular weight, water-soluble functionalized polyesters.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine whether conscious, unsedated cats will inhale a nebulized material administered via a facemask and whether this material will reach the lower airways.
Animals: 20 healthy adult cats.
Procedure: Technetium Tc 99m-diaminetriaminopentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) was nebulized into a spacer and administered to the cats via a closely fitting facemask.
Radiographic evaluation of the tympanic bulla is limited. Improper obliquity or angulation of the skull for radiographs or malpositioning of the tongue can result in an inadequate study [4]. Additionally, because of the complex anatomy of the canine and feline skull, with superimposition of multiple osseous structures, radiography can result in false-negative examinations or understimation of the disease present [2].
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Aspiration of acidic gastric contents leads to acute lung injury and is still one of the most common clinical events associated with acute lung injury. This study was performed to assess acid-induced lung inflammation in vitro and in vivo with respect to the time pattern of activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and proinflammatory molecules.
Methods: L2 cells (alveolar epithelial cells) were exposed for various periods to a medium with a pH of 6.
Scintigraphy has been used in numerous clinical settings to examine horses to determine the origin of lameness problems, but it has not been used previously to monitor prospectively the skeletal responses of a group of similarly-trained racehorses. Our hypothesis was that in naïve Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses, initial treadmill training induces increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in high-motion joints and in the dorsal third metacarpal bone (MC3). Eight previously-untrained TB racehorses underwent sequential skeletal scintigraphic examinations as they exercised daily for 9 weeks on an inclined treadmill.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
February 2003
Molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory reaction in hypoxia-induced lung injury are not well defined. Therefore, effects of alveolar hypoxia were studied in rat lungs, exposing rats to 10% oxygen over periods of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. An increase in the number of macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hypoxic animals was shown between 1 and 8 h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is known to play a central role in lung inflammation. Limited information, however, is available regarding the expression and biological function of ICAM-1 in the alveolar epithelial compartment. The current report analyses the expression pattern of ICAM-1 in primary cultures of rat alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and in the rat lung following instillation of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) in order to better define the role of alveolar epithelial ICAM-1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe effects of intramuscularly administered medetomidine and butorphanol (MB), and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine (MBA) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined in six dogs as measured by 99m-Tc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) nuclear scintigraphy. Direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were measured at regular time intervals before, during, and after GFR calculations. The mean GFR measurement following MB was significantly greater (4.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on rate and degree of return to function of the limb and development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) after surgical creation and subsequent stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle.
Animals: 12 clinically normal adult large (19.5 to 31.
Rupture of the suspensory ligament at the insertions on the proximal sesamoid bones, and of the superficial flexor tendon of the left fore limb, occurred in an adult Angus bull as a result of fighting. There was severe hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint with the dewclaws almost touching the ground. Radiographs revealed severe hyperextension of the MCP joint with the sesamoid bones aligned directly distal to the metacarpus.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVet Radiol Ultrasound
September 1997
Cases used for the examination consisted of various imaging artifacts and technical errors. The candidate was expected to name or identify the problem and discuss its cause and prevention. For the purpose of completeness, the scope and detail given here is in excess of that needed to pass the examination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe vascular anatomy of the ethmoidal area in six normal horses and two normal ponies was studied using vascular-corrosion casts. The major arterial supply to the ethmoidal area stems from an intracranial source. The internal and external ethmoidal arteries anastomose on the rostral intracranial surface of the cribriform plate to form the arterial ethmoidal rete which arborizes and passes through the perforations of the cribriform plate to supply the ethmoid labyrinth.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA detachment of the periphery of the medial meniscus from the joint capsule and medial collateral ligament in 34 cattle was repaired by securing the meniscus to the joint capsule with vertical mattress sutures during arthrotomy. Of 28 cattle with follow-up reports, 20 had recovered satisfactorily by their owners' evaluations; 17 were either not lame or slightly lame after the operation and three were moderately lame. Three of four cattle without follow-up reports were either not lame or slightly lame when discharged from the hospital.
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