Appearance and differentiation of NADPH-d-positive neurons in rat prefrontal cortex following exposure to retinoic acid.

Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically active form of vitamin A. Teratogenicity has been observed in pregnant mammals exposed to high doses of vitamin A. We investigated the distribution of nitrergic neurons in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) at developmental stages 7 days to young adulthood under physiological conditions and after prenatal application of all trans-RA.

Response of distant regions affected by diaschisis commissuralis in one of the most common models of transient focal ischemia in rats.

Stroke induces widespread changes in the brain. In this paper, we monitored some markers of early (2 h) and delayed events (1, 3 and 7 days of reperfusion) initiated by middle cerebral artery occlusion in core/penumbra counterparts of the non-ischemic hemisphere (i.e.

Three-dimensional CAD/CAM imaging of the maxillary sinus in ageing process.

Objectives: During the physiological ageing process atrophy of the alveolar bone appears in vertical direction. This bone resorption causes pushing the limits of the maxillary sinus at the expense of a degraded bone. The sinus volume increases due to the facial development in children and adolescents or during the ageing process due to the loss of teeth and bone mass.

Unilateral occurrence of five different thyroid arteries-a need of terminological systematization: a case report.

This article highlights an unusual and unilateral variation in the blood supply to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland observed on the right lobe during anatomy dissection course. The rare variation of the occurrence of two anomalous arteries: the middle thyroid artery and the aberrant accessory inferior thyroid artery, and one uncommon variant, the thyroid ima artery, was detected in an adult female cadaver. The two generally constant arteries, the superior thyroid artery and the inferior thyroid artery, have been found in their usual anatomical location.

Vitamin A and amygdala: functional and morphological consequences.

Intake of vitamin A is essential for correct embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS). Its increased intake during gravidity can cause various malformations and dysfunctions of the CNS. In our work, we intended to investigate the effect of vitamin A on emotional behavior and morphology of nitrergic neurons in basolateral nucleus of the rat amygdala.

Prenatal effects of retinoic acid on lumbar spinal cord development and liver antioxidants in rats.

During embryonic and early postnatal development, retinoic acid (RA) regulates genes that control neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth from the neural tube. The effects of high levels of RA on the CNS can be detected via nitric oxide (NO), which plays a crucial role in neural transmission. The aim of the study was to investigate the prenatal influence of high levels of RA on postnatal development of nitrergic structures in lumbar spinal cord and antioxidant status.

Nitrergic neurons during early postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex in the rat: histochemical study.

The presence of nitrergic cells in the prefrontal cortex has been confirmed, however little is known about the postnatal development of these cells. Nitrergic neurons were studied histochemically by using NADPH-diaphorase staining in the prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats from postnatal day 7-21 (P7-21). Neuronal NADPH-diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase that provides a specific histochemical marker for neurons producing nitric oxide (NO).

Postnatal development of spinal cord and liver antioxidant status in the young of retinol-overdosed female rats.

The metabolic form of vitamin A, retinol, has a pivotal role in the nervous system development and neuronal differentiation, both during embryogenesis through maternal-fetal support and in the early postnatal life. Retinoic acid was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to pregnant female rats through days 8-10 of gestation. Spinal cord sections were processed for histochemical visualization one day after birth and on day 21, when weaning is expected.

Anatomical study of the roots of cranial parasympathetic ganglia: a contribution to medical education.

A major key to increasing the safety of cranial surgery is a thorough understanding of anatomy. The anatomy of the head is of fundamental interest to dental and medical students early in their studies. Clinically, it is mostly relevant to surgeons who are performing interventions and reconstruction in the maxillofacial region, skull base, and the orbit.

Effect of retinoic acid on the nitrergic innervation of meibomian glands in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal administration of retinoic acid (RA) on the development of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive structures in the rat Meibomian glands. One mg/kg of RA was applied to pregnant Wistar rats intraperitonaelly during the gestational period in each of the 12th-14th embryonic days (totally 3 mg/kg). Sections of the central upper eyelids were investigated in rat pups on the 14th postnatal day.

NADPH-d activity in rat thymus after the application of retinoid acid.

The aim of this work was to determine the localization of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity as the marker for synthesis of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the rat thymus after the application of retinoid acid (RA) on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of gestation. The given results can build the basis for understanding of the role of NOS in rat thymus. NADPH-d positive cells were represented with dark-blue color and were localized on corticomedullar junction of the thymus.

NADPH-diaphorase expression in the rat jejunum after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the rat jejunum after a mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nitric oxide, synthetised from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, is a nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxant neurotransmitter of the intestinal smooth muscle. It plays an important role in the process of plasticity after the ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Influence of surgical and chemical orchidectomy on weight and distribution of AChE-nerve fibres in thymuses of adult rats.

The thymus is a crossroad between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. As such, it is innervated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fibres of the vagus, the recurrent laryngeal and the phrenic nerves. It is well know, that the innervations density of the thymus increases with age.

Postnatal development of nitrergic and cholinergic structures in rat spinal cord.

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a freely diffusible gaseous neurotransmitter that is not requiring synaptic connection to exert its effects. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis can be visualised by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Other neurotransmitter is a classical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), regulated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that hydrolyses the acetylcholine after its releasing.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of Pi class glutathione S-transferase expression in invasive breast carcinoma.

Objectives: The aim of our work was to determine the expression of Pi class glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) in 43 samples of invasive breast carcinoma and compare results versus normal breast cells.

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women. Despite advances in early detection and more efficacious adjuvant chemotherapy, a part of patients with early-stage have reccurent disease.

NADPH-diaphorase expression in the meibomian glands of rat palpebra in postnatal development.

In the current study, we aimed at investigating the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) positive nerve fibers in rat meibomian glands (MGs) at various stages of development. There is good evidence to suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) is a surrogate for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Sections of the central, upper eyelids of Wistar rats were processed histochemically for NADPH-d to investigate the presence and distribution of NOS-positive nerve fibers at the following time points: day 1 and weeks 1, 2 and 3 post partum, and in adult controls.

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and AChE activity in the anterior leaflet of rat mitral valve.

The mitral valve, as an active flap, forms the major part of the left ventricular inflow tract and therefore plays an important function in many aspects of left ventricular performance. The anterior leaflet of this valve is the largest and most ventrally placed of two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice. Various neurotransmitters are responsible for different functions including controlling valve movement, inhibiting or causing the failure of impulse conduction in the valve and the sensation of pain.

Chemokines as possible targets in modulation of the secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury: a review.

In spite of many promising experimental studies, an effective treatment dramatically eliminating the secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) is still missing. Since clinical data on the therapeutical effect after methylprednisolone treatment are not conclusive, new therapeutical modalities targeting specific components of secondary spinal cord damage needs to be developed. It is known that immune cells are recruited to injury sites by chemokines, which are small, structurally similar proteins released locally at the site of inflammation.

Multidrug resistance proteins in renal cell carcinoma.

A large number of renal cancer patients show poor or partial response to chemotherapy and the precise mechanism has not been understood yet. MDR is the principal mechanism by which many cancers develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and is associated with the elevated expression of MDR proteins. These are divided into two groups: ABC transporters and non-ABC transporters.

Immunohistochemical detection of MDR proteins in Wilms' tumour.

Objectives: The aim of our work was to determine the expression of three MDR proteins (MDR1/Pgp, MRP1 and LRP/MVP) in 15 tissue samples of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour).

Background: The majority of Wilms' tumours respond well to chemotherapy and are successfully cured, but a small subset displays resistance to therapy. The molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in this tumour type of childhood are still poorly analyzed.

Morphologic and volumetric studies of the meibomian glands in elderly human eyelids.

Purpose: To study the microscopic structure of postmortem human Meibomian glands (MGs) in the elderly.

Methods: Human MG samples from left lower eyelids were obtained at autopsy from 5 men and 4 women with a mean age of 63.1 +/- 7.

The effect of long-term reduction of aortic blood flow on spinal cord gray matter in the rabbit. Histochemical study of NADPH-diaphorase.

1. The aim of this work was to study the influence of reduced aortic blood flow on NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the gray matter of L4-S3 spinal cord segments. 2.

Alterations of the vessel wall innervation during diabetes mellitus.

Coronary and valvular heart disease during diabetes mellitus (DM) are major contributors of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Relatively little atention has been given to the study of heart valve nerve structures in different pathological processes. In this study we have demonstrated the presence of possible morphological alterations in vessels of the anterior cusp of the rat mitral valve during 8-12 weeks DM.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rabbit spinal cord visualised by histochemical NADPH-diaphorase and immunohistochemical NOS methods.

The NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining method is widely used in the investigation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has previously been shown to be responsible for the NADPH-d activity in neurons. However, NADPH-d activity does not always fully represent the enzyme nNOS.