Dynamics of the nasopharyngeal microbiome of apparently healthy calves and those with clinical symptoms of bovine respiratory disease from disease diagnosis to recovery.

Introduction: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex in which bacteria in the upper respiratory tract play an important role in disease development. Previous studies have related the presence of four BRD-pathobionts (, , , and ) in the upper respiratory tract to BRD incidence and mortalities in the dairy and beef cattle industry, but these studies typically only use one time point to compare the abundance of BRD-pathobionts between apparently healthy and BRD-affected cattle. The objective of this study was to characterize the longitudinal development of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome from apparently healthy calves, and in calves with clinical signs of BRD, the microbiota dynamics from disease diagnosis to recovery.

Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic on the fecal microbial community of Holstein dairy calves.

Background: The livestock industry is striving to identify antibiotic alternatives to reduce the need to use antibiotics. Postbiotics, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP), have been studied and proposed as potential non-antibiotic growth promoters due to their effects on animal growth and the rumen microbiome; however, little is known of their effects on the hind-gut microbiome during the early life of calves. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of in-feed SCFP on the fecal microbiome of Holstein bull calves through 4 months of age.

Effects of feeding fermentation products on the health and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves.

It is essential to reduce antibiotic use in the livestock industry, which leads to a need for alternatives to antibiotics that reduce illness and promote growth in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy calves fermentation products (SCFP) on average daily gain (ADG) and antibiotic use in dairy calves through 4 mo of age. Holstein bull calves (n = 60; 5 ± 3 d old) were blocked by body weight (BW) and serum total protein (STP) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments.

Effect of medium-chain fatty acids on growth, health, and immune response of dairy calves.

It is necessary for the dairy industry to reduce calf morbidity and mortality, and the reliance on antibiotics to treat sick calves, to address the growing concern regarding antibiotic resistant bacteria. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that feeding dairy calves medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) has on growth performance and health, and the secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of MCFA on energy status around weaning and the adaptive immune response following a vaccine challenge. Thirty-three Holstein bull calves (5 ± 1.

Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health of Holstein dairy calves following a lipopolysaccharide challenge.

Before weaning, dairy calves are at high risk for illness, especially respiratory and digestive diseases, which reduces average daily gain, age at first calving, and first-lactation milk production. Although these illnesses are commonly treated with antibiotics, efforts are being made to reduce antibiotic use, due to concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on the immune status of calves, following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge administered just before weaning.

Relationship of cow and calf circulating lipidomes with colostrum lipid composition and metabolic status of the cow.

Newborn calves rely on lipids in colostrum for energy and immune function. The lipid concentration in colostrum, however, is highly variable, and little is known about its composition and maternal factors that influence its composition. The first objective was to measure plasma lipid composition of multiparous cows at 35 d before calving (BC; 35 ± 3 d; ± standard deviation) and 7 d BC (7 ± 2 d), their colostrum, and serum lipid composition of calves (24 h after birth) using multiple reaction monitoring profiling, which is an exploratory and highly sensitive lipidomic analysis method that screens lipids based on chemical functionality.

Mammary Development in Gilts at One Week Postnatal Is Related to Plasma Lysine Concentration at 24 h after Birth, but Not Colostrum Dose.

Perinatal nutrition affects future milk production. The number of mammary epithelial cells affect milk production capacity. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the level of colostrum intake affects the proliferation rate and the total number of mammary epithelial cells in the gland.

Transcriptome analysis reveals disruption of circadian rhythms in late gestation dairy cows may increase risk for fatty liver and reduced mammary remodeling.

Circadian disruption increased insulin resistance and decreased mammary development in late gestation, nonlactating (dry) cows. The objective was to measure the effect of circadian disruption on transcriptomes of the liver and mammary gland. At 35 days before expected calving (BEC), multiparous dry cows were assigned to either control (CON) or phase-shifted treatments (PS).

Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids <16 C, and milk fat production.

The economic value of milk fat and its responsiveness to management strategies provides strong interest in maximizing milk fat production by minimizing occurrence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (BH-MFD) and maximizing de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA). Tools that allow a timely diagnosis of BH-MFD would improve nutritional management. Specific milk FA or FA categories correlate to milk fat concentration and are of interest for diagnosing the cause of changes in milk fat concentration.

Postweaning response on growth and nutrient digestion to using different weaning strategies when feeding moderate and high amounts of milk replacer to Holstein calves.

Many changes occur in the rumen as calves transition from consuming a liquid diet to a completely solid diet. These changes can influence growth and calf health, being greatly affected by preweaning diet as well as the transitional steps used to wean calves. A 2 × 2 factorial design of moderate [MOD; 0.

Exposure to chronic light-dark phase shifts during the prepartum nonlactating period attenuates circadian rhythms, decreases blood glucose, and increases milk yield in the subsequent lactation.

Maintaining metabolic balance is a key factor in the health of dairy cattle during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Little is known regarding the role of the circadian timing system in the regulation of physiological changes during the transition period. We hypothesized that disruption of the cow's circadian timing system by exposure to chronic light-dark phase shifts during the prepartum period would negatively affect the regulation of homeostasis and cause metabolic disturbances, leading to reduced milk production in the subsequent lactation.

Effects of feeding different amounts of milk replacer on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Holstein calves to 2 months of age using different weaning strategies.

Growth and the digestibility of nutrients can be greatly affected by diet preweaning and the rate at which calves are weaned. A 2 × 2 factorial design [moderate (MOD) or high (HI) milk replacer (MR) feeding rates and abrupt (AB) or gradual (GR) weaning] was used to compare these effects. Calves (n = 50) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: MOD-AB, MOD-GR, HI-AB, and HI-GR.

Effects of gradual and later weaning ages when feeding high milk replacer rates on growth, textured starter digestibility, and behavior in Holstein calves from 0 to 4 months of age.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate calf performance, diet digestibility, and behaviors when feeding 4 milk replacer (MR) programs with different MR rates, weaning ages, and MR reduction steps. Male Holstein calves (n = 96; 40 ± 1 kg of body weight; 1 to 2 d of age) were housed in individual pens for 56 d. Feeding programs for MR were 0.

Technical note: A simple rumen collection device for calves: An adaptation of a manual rumen drenching system.

A limited amount of research is available related to the rumen microbiota of calves, yet there has been a recent spike of interest in determining the diversity and development of calf rumen microbial populations. To study the microbial populations of a calf's rumen, a sample of the rumen fluid is needed. One way to take a rumen fluid sample from a calf is by fistulating the animal.

[Effects of physical stimulation of spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion on microcirculation and the immune system in diabetes and impaired wound healing].

Background: Whether and to what extent the complementary use of a biorhythm-defined physical stimulation of insufficient spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion contributes to increasing the therapeutic success of established treatment concepts were examined.

Materials And Methods: In a placebo-controlled study on a biometrically defined sample of older diabetes patients with impaired wound healing, measurements of representative features of the functional status of the microcirculation and the immune system were investigated using high-resolution methods (intravital microscopy, reflective spectrometry, white light spectroscopy combined with laser Doppler microflow measurements). The stimulation signal corresponding to physiological spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion was transmitted using an electromagnetic alternating field of low magnetic flux density.

Effects of various physical treatment methods on arteriolar vasomotion and microhemodynamic functional characteristics in case of deficient regulation of organ blood flow. Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

As part of a placebo-controlled study, high-resolution measurement methods were used to examine, on the basis of representative functional characteristics of microcirculation, whether and to what extent six different, commercially available, physical treatment devices were suitable for influencing, through complementary therapy, deficient blood-flow regulation. Of the six commercially available devices tested, two proved to be ineffective and three not effective enough to be therapeutically relevant. Only in one device was it possible to show a complementary-therapeutic effect: the device uses a specific, biorhythmically defined stimulus for vasomotion.

Complementary-therapeutic stimulation of deficient autorhythmic arteriolar vasomotion by means of a biorhythmically physical stimulus on the microcirculation and the immune system in 50-year-old rehabilitation patients.

As part of a placebo-controlled study series, a random sample of 50-year-old rehabilitation patients was examined to determine whether the complementary use of a physical treatment method to stimulate arteriolar vasomotion would improve the therapeutic success of established measures for the purposes of physical conditioning. The result showed that both the microcirculatory blood-flow regulation and the (cellular) immune response could be affected in a therapy-relevant manner through additional physical vasomotion stimulation.

Influence of a specific, biorhythmically defined physical stimulus on deficient vasomotion in small-caliber arterioles in the subcutis in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.

As part of a placebo-controlled study series on a random sample of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and trophic skin lesions on the edge of the foot, functional characteristics of the local microcirculation and immune system were measured to check the complementary-therapy success of biorhythmically defined vasomotion stimulation. Over a 30-day treatment period, complementary-therapy success was demonstrated for an additional physical vasomotion stimulation to increase the therapeutic success of established treatment concepts.

Effects of physical stimulation of spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion in patients of various ages undergoing rehabilitation.

On two samples of rehabilitation patients of different age groups (approx. 38 years and approx. 51 years), via a placebo-controlled study series using representative features of microcirculation, the complementary therapeutic success of additional treatment complementing the biorhythmically defined physical vasomotion stimulation was determined.

A new ginkgo fresh plant extract increases microcirculation and radical scavenging activity in elderly patients.

Introduction: The authors investigated whether a new ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) fresh plant extract had a positive effect on microcirculation in the skin and liver of elderly individuals, and whether the extract had antioxidative properties in vivo.

Methods: In a monocentric, controlled clinical trial with 32 elderly patients, 16 patients received three 90 mg ginkgo extract tablets twice daily for 30 days, and 16 patients acted as untreated controls. On days 0, 10, 20, and 30, microcirculatory parameters were measured using intravital microscopy in combination with reflection spectrometry, and the amount of reduced glutathione in the liver.

Influence of complementary Viscum album (Iscador) administration on microcirculation and immune system of ear, nose and throat carcinoma patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy.

With the techniques of vital microscopic and reflection spectrometric imaging, representative characteristics of microcirculation and immunology of white blood cells were evaluated before, during and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy of patients suffering from ear, nose and throat carcinomas. Adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the microcirculation and the immune system were decreased and reconstitution processes were accelerated by complementary administration of a standardized mistletoe extract (Iscador).

Microcirculatory effects of a homeopathic preparation in patients with mild vertigo: an intravital microscopic study.

The effects of the homeopathic preparation Vertigoheel on variables related to microcirculation were investigated using vital microscopy techniques in patients with vestibular vertigo. In a non-randomized, open study, 16 patients given Vertigoheel were compared with 16 untreated patients. Measurements were carried out in two areas (defined by selecting 60 blood-cell perfused nodal points of arterioles, venules, and capillaries with a mean diameter > or = 40 microm): the cuticulum/subcuticulum of the inside left lower arm and an area 5 mm behind the left earlobe.

Impairment of the transcriptional responses to oxidative stress in the heart of aged C57BL/6 mice.

To investigate the transcriptional response to oxidative stress in the heart and how it changes with age, we examined the cardiac gene expression profiles of young (5 months old), middle-aged (15 months old), and old (25 months old) C57BL/6 mice treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of paraquat (50 mg/kg). Mice were killed at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours after paraquat treatment, and the gene expression profile was obtained with high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Of 9,977 genes represented on the microarray, 249 transcripts in the young mice, 298 transcripts in the middle-aged mice, and 256 transcripts in the old mice displayed a significant change in mRNA levels (ANOVA, P <.

The impact of alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10 and caloric restriction on life span and gene expression patterns in mice.

We evaluated the efficacy of three dietary interventions started at middle age (14 months) to retard the aging process in mice. These were supplemental alpha-lipoic acid (LA) or coenzyme Q(10) (CQ) and caloric restriction (CR, a positive control). LA and CQ had no impact on longevity or tumor patterns compared with control mice fed the same number of calories, whereas CR increased maximum life span by 13% (p <.