Exclusion of the uniform tetraploid cells significantly improves specificity of the urine FISH assay.

The urine fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay (UroVysion™), with the current scoring criteria, has a higher sensitivity than routine cytopathology but a lower specificity. Among 215 urine FISH tests we performed, 45 had associated histopathology and clinical follow up. In this study, a cell with four signals for each probe was classified as a uniform tetraploid cell (UTC); a presumed reparative cell which is currently classified as an abnormal cell in the FDA approved assay.

Physical map of the region surrounding the ataxia-telangiectasia gene on human chromosome 11q22-23.

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disease affecting multiple systems, including the development of the cerebellum and thymus. This results in a progressive cerebellar ataxia with onset between 1-3 years, telangiectasia occurs within the subsequent 3-5 years. We localized the A-T gene by linkage analysis to chromosome 11q22-23, between the markers D11S384, and D11S535, and constructed a series of contigs using three BACs and twelve cosmids, spanning a region of approximately 400 kb.

Regional mapping of the human MP70 (Cx50; connexin 50) gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization to 1q21.1.

Purpose: Gap junctions play a critical role in the metabolic homeostasis and maintenance of transparency of fibers within the ocular lens. As part of a long-term effort to establish the relationship between lens gap junction proteins, normal lens development, and cataractogenesis, we report here the regional localization of the human MP70 (Connexin 50) gene.

Methods: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to regionally map the human MP70 gene.

CAND3: A ubiquitously expressed gene immediately adjacent and in opposite transcriptional orientation to the ATM gene at 1lq23.1.

Using a magnetic beads-mediated cDNA selection procedure and a fetal brain expression library, we identified a transcriptional unit within a cosmid positive for the marker D11S384. Pursuit of its full-length cDNA led to the cloning of the third candidate gene (CAND3) we studied in our quest for the ataxiatelangiectasia (A-T) gene, ATM. CAND3 spans ~140 kb of genomic DNA and is located immediately centrimeric to ATM, with 544 bp of DNA separating the two genes.

CAND3: a ubiquitously expressed gene immediately adjacent and in opposite transcriptional orientation to the ATM gene at 11q23.1.

Using a magnetic beads-mediated cDNA selection procedure and a fetal brain expression library, we identified a transcriptional unit within a cosmid positive for the marker D11S384. Pursuit of its full-length cDNA led to the cloning of the third candidate gene (CAND3) we studied in our quest for the ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) gene, ATM. CAND3 spans approximately 140 kb of genomic DNA and is located immediately centrimeric to ATM, with 544 bp of DNA separating the two genes.

Low-molecular-weight, calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 genes are linked and map to homologous chromosome regions in mouse and human.

The Group IIA phospholipase gene (PLA2G2A) protein coding regions exhibit significant homology with recently described Group IIC (PLA2G2C) and Group V (PLA2GV) genes. All three genes are present in many mammalian species and are expressed in a tissue-specific pattern. Here, we demonstrate in human that they are tightly linked and map to chromosome 1p34-p36.

Chromosomal assignment of the human gene for the cancer-associated retinopathy protein (recoverin) to chromosome 17p13.1.

The gene for the mouse recoverin protein (23 kDa photoreceptor-specific protein, S-modulin, or the Cancer-Associated Retinopathy protein) was recently assigned to mouse chromosome 11, closely linked to trp53. In this paper, the human gene for recoverin was localized to human chromosome 17 by Southern analysis of restriction digests of the DNA from mouse/human somatic cell hybrids. Using a 7 kb subclone of the human recoverin gene, a positive fluorescence in situ hybridization signal was demonstrated near the terminus of the short arm of chromosome 17 at position p13.

Localization of multiple human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH1 and DDH2) and chlordecone reductase (CHDR) genes in chromosome 10 by the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Multiple human dihydrodiol dehydrogenases and human chlordecone reductase belong to the aldoketo reductase superfamily. These two enzymes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. Recently we have isolated three closely related genes encoding two dihydrodiol dehydrogenases (DDH1 and DDH2) and the chlordecone reductase (CHDR).

Assignment of the zeta-crystallin gene (CRYZ) to human chromosome 1p22-p31 and identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

zeta-Crystallin is a lens protein that has been associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts in guinea pigs and thus is a candidate for human congenital cataracts. We have assigned the zeta-crystallin gene (CRYZ) to human chromosome 1 using a Southern panel of 17 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids and regionally localized it to 1p22-p31 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Five restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified by analyzing the DNA from 10 unrelated, unaffected individuals.

Molecular cloning of the human homeobox gene goosecoid (GSC) and mapping of the gene to human chromosome 14q32.1.

Goosecoid is a homeobox gene first isolated from a Xenopus dorsal lip cDNA library. Homologous genes have been isolated from mouse, zebrafish, and chick. In all species examined, the gene is expressed and plays an important role during the process of gastrulation in early embryonic development.

Chromosomal localization of the human vesicular amine transporter genes.

The physiologic and behavioral effects of pharmacologic agents that interfere with the transport of monoamine neurotransmitters into vesicles suggest that vesicular amine transport may contribute to human neuropsychiatric disease. To determine whether an alteration in the genes that encode vesicular amine transport contributes to the inherited component of these disorders, we have isolated a human cDNA for the brain transporter and localized the human vesicular amine transporter genes. The human brain synaptic vesicle amine transporter (SVAT) shows unexpected conservation with rat SVAT in the regions that diverge extensively between rat SVAT and the rat adrenal chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT).

A mutation in the homeodomain of the human MSX2 gene in a family affected with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis.

Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of calvarial sutures, is a common developmental anomaly that causes abnormal skull shape. The locus for one autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis has been mapped to chromosome 5qter. The human MSX2 gene localizes to chromosome 5, and a polymorphic marker in the MSX2 intron segregates in a kindred with the disorder with no recombination.

Assignment of the phosducin (PDC) gene to human chromosome 1q25-1q32.1 by somatic cell hybridization and in situ hybridization.

Phosducin is a soluble photoreceptor phosphoprotein that probably modulates phototransduction in the retina and thus qualifies as a potential candidate gene for retinitis pigmentosa. Using both human/mouse somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, we have mapped this gene to chromosome 1q25-1q32.1.

Assignment of the human Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 to chromosome 22q13.1.

The Na+/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 encodes the primary carrier protein responsible for the uptake of the dietary sugars glucose and galactose from the intestinal lumen. SGLT1 transport activity is currently exploited in oral rehydration therapy. The 75-kDa glycoprotein is localized in the brush border of the intestinal epithelium and is predicted to comprise 12 membrane spans.

Mapping of aldose reductase gene sequences to human chromosomes 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, and 13.

Aldose reductase (alditol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.

Localization of the gene for high-density lipoprotein binding protein (HDLBP) to human chromosome 2q37.

The high-density lipoprotein binding protein (HDLbp) is a 110-kDa protein that specifically binds HDL molecules and may function in the removal of excess cellular cholesterol. As part of an effort to study the function of the protein and its possible role in cholesterol transport, we report the localization of the gene for HDLbp, designated HDLBP, to human chromosome 2q37 using analysis of somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization.

Deficient expression of a B cell cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

We describe a novel cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, termed BPK (B cell progenitor kinase), which is expressed in all stages of the B lineage and in myeloid cells. BPK has classic SH1, SH2, and SH3 domains, but lacks myristylation signals and a regulatory phosphorylation site corresponding to tyrosine 527 of c-src. BPK has a long, basic amino-terminal region upstream of the SH3 domain.

Localization of the transcription factor SP1 gene to human chromosome 12q12-->q13.2.

The cellular transcription factor SP1 binds to critical regulatory elements in a variety of cellular and viral promoters. The gene encoding the approximately 100-kDa SP1 protein contains zinc finger DNA-binding domains and glutamine-activation domains. Since SP1 is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular genes, we wished to determine its chromosomal localization.

The L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase gene (PCMT1) maps to human chromosome 6q22.3-6q24 and the syntenic region of mouse chromosome 10.

We have mapped the genes for the human and mouse L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.

Mapping of the gene for the cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger to human chromosome 2p21-p23.

The cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger is the primary mechanism for extrusion of calcium from the cardiac myocyte and therefore is important in regulating cardiac contractility. As part of an effort to determine whether the exchanger is associated with any genetic disorders of the heart or blood pressure, we have assigned the exchanger gene (designated NCX1) to human chromosome 2p21-p23 by analysis of a panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization.

Assignment of the beta-subunit of rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase gene PDEB (homolog of the mouse rd gene) to human chromosome 4p16.

The gene encoding the beta-subunit of rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase (gene symbol PDEB, homolog of the mouse rd gene) is mapped to human chromosome 4 using somatic cell hybrids and further localized to the chromosome band 4p16 using in situ hybridization. A mutation in the mouse gene underlies the recessive trait of retinal degeneration in the rd mouse. Thus, the human homolog is a candidate for lesions causing retinal degeneration.

Assignment of the gene (RLBP1) for cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) to human chromosome 15q26 and mouse chromosome 7.

Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) has properties that suggest that it is involved in the visual process and, therefore, potentially with retinal diseases. A human cDNA probe has been used to map this gene to human chromosome 15q26 (somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization) and to mouse chromosome 7 by somatic cell hybrids.

Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32.

The regulatory element TGACGTCA is found upstream of a number of viral and cellular genes. This element has been demonstrated to mediate cyclic AMP induction of cellular genes and activation of viral genes. A group of closely related cellular genes known as cyclic AMP-response element binding proteins (CREB) or activating transcription factor (ATF) have been found to bind to this motif and mediate activation by cyclic AMP and the adenovirus E1A protein.