The Impact of Restricted Clinical Experiences During a Pandemic on Newly Graduated Nurses' Experiences: A Descriptive Study.

A multihospital study examined the impact of restricted clinical opportunities during COVID-19 on newly graduated nurses' experiences, self-reported competence, and self-reported errors upon entry into a nurse residency program and at 6 months. Newly graduated nurses' experiences (n = 2,005) were described using comparative data from cohorts before and during restricted experiences across 22 hospitals; minimal differences were observed. Nursing professional development specialists can utilize this information when creating and sustaining transition-to-practice programs.

On-chip monitoring of chemical syntheses in microdroplets via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Conducting organic syntheses in microfluidic chips allows studying and optimising chemical reactions at minimal time-scales and resource consumption. Herein, we describe a multi-channel microdroplet chip, which allows fast and directed dispensing of reactants into individual droplets in a segmented flow. This gives access to study the reaction progress in situ via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic monitoring of fast moving individual droplets.

Neurotrophin-3 is a target-derived neurotrophic factor for penile erection-inducing neurons.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin (NT)-3 could act as endogenous target-derived trophic factors for erection-inducing, i.e. penis-projecting major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons, and/or penile sensory neurons in adult rat.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is expressed in penis of adult rat and retrogradely transported in penile parasympathetic and sensory nerves.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors, promotes the survival and function of several neuronal populations in the peripheral and central nervous system. In the present study, expression of GDNF mRNA in the shaft of adult rat penis is demonstrated. In situ hybridization revealed GDNF mRNA expression in cells lying in the narrow zone between the tunica albuginea and the cavernous tissue.

No colocalization of immunoreactivities for VIP and neuronal NOS, and a differential relation to cGMP-immunoreactivity in bovine penile smooth muscle.

The distribution of immunoreactivity (IR) for the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the bovine retractor penis muscle (RP) and penile artery (PA) was studied by using two different methods. The distribution of these immunoreactivities was also compared with that of the immunoreactivity for cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In both tissues the nerve fibers and terminals immunoreactive for VIP had a distribution that was completely different from that of the nerve fibers and terminals immunoreactive for nNOS.

Neurturin is a neurotrophic factor for penile parasympathetic neurons in adult rat.

Neurturin (NRTN), a member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors, promotes the survival and function of several neuronal populations in the peripheral and central nervous system. Recent gene ablation studies have shown that NRTN is a neurotrophic factor for many cranial parasympathetic and enteric neurons, whereas its significance for the sacral parasympathetic neurons has not been studied. NRTN signals via a receptor complex composed of the high-affinity binding receptor component GFRalpha2 and the transmembrane tyrosine kinase Ret.

The endothelin ET(B) receptor agonist [125I]BQ-3020 binds predominantly to nerves in the bovine retractor penis muscle and penile artery.

Preliminary pharmacological experiments have suggested that in the bovine retractor penis muscle there are relaxation-mediating endothelin ET(B) receptors, at least part of which are located on the inhibitory nitrergic nerves. The present work was undertaken to test this hypothesis by means of receptor autoradiography and additional pharmacological experiments. In the retractor penis muscle and the penile artery, specific binding of the ETB receptor-selective agonist [125I]BQ-3020 took place predominantly to nerve trunks and minor nerve branches.

Nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons originating at several different levels innervate rat penis.

While the crucial role of neurally produced nitric oxide in mediating penile erection is well established, the understanding of the peripheral neuroanatomy of the nitric oxide-ergic pathways is still incomplete. This study was designed to elucidate further the distribution of nitric oxide synthase, and its relation to the distribution of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in all penis-projecting neural pathways. A triple-labelling technique was employed, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro Gold combined with neuropeptide immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, a marker of nitric oxide synthase.

Functional characterization of endothelin receptors in the bovine retractor penis muscle and penile artery.

The effects of endothelin-1 and sarafotoxin 6c on the bovine retractor penis muscle and the bovine penile artery were studied, and a functional characterization of endothelin receptors in these tissues was performed by using the ETA-receptor antagonist BQ-123 and the ETB-receptor antagonist IRL 1038. The retractor penis muscle and the penile artery were about equipotently contracted by endothelin-1 in a concentration-dependent manner the EC50 values being 3.5 x 10(-9) M and 1.

Pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum.

A 23-year-old man presented to the emergency department with extensive subcutaneous emphysema and severe dehydration after a prolonged self-imposed religious fast. Chest radiographs showed marked pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum without pneumothorax. Patients are often admitted to the hospital for close observation when these findings are recognized, but this caution is generally unwarranted.

Relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle by a small K+ excess and the role of K+ in its neurogenic relaxation.

The mechanism of the relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle induced by 6.7 mM K+ as well as the role of K+ in the neurogenic relaxation of this muscle induced by nicotine, acetylcholine or electrical field stimulation, was studied. The relaxation induced by 6.

The use of the bovine retractor penis muscle for the assessment of ganglion-blocking activity of neuromuscular blocking and other drugs.

Inhibition of relaxation of strips of the bovine retractor penis muscle induced by a standard dose of nicotine (30 microM) was used for quantitative assessment of the ganglion-blocking activity of eight neuromuscular blocking agents that are in clinical use. The order of potency of the drugs studied was (+)-tubocurarine >> alcuronium > vecuronium > metocurine >> pancuronium > atracurium >>> suxamethonium > gallamine. The results have been compared to those obtained with other methods.

Nervous regulation of the tone of the retractor penis muscle in the goat.

The nervous control of the retractor penis muscle (rp) was investigated in the anaesthetized goat. Also, isolated field stimulated strips of the muscle were studied. The noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) content of the rp was determined, and histochemistry for adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive nerves was performed.

Inhibition of nicotine-induced relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

The relative potency in inhibiting nicotine-induced relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle (BRP) was estimated for the racemates of seven beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, both of the optical isomers of propranolol, and lidocaine. The order of potency of the drugs studied was (+)-propranolol greater than (-)-propranolol greater than propranolol greater than alprenolol greater than metoprolol greater than lidocaine greater than acebutolol greater than pindolol greater than sotalol greater than atenolol. It is concluded that the inhibition of the relaxation was not due to blockade of beta-adrenoceptors but to the nonspecific effects of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

Inhibition of nicotine-induced relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle by compounds known to have ganglion-blocking properties.

1. The relative potency in blocking the nicotine-induced relaxation of the bovine retractor penis muscle (BRP) was estimated for 12 drugs known to have ganglion-blocking properties. 2.

Histochemical demonstration of nerve cell bodies in the retractor penis muscle and the penile artery of the bull.

The presence of single nerve cell bodies and small ganglia in the retractor penis muscle and the penile artery of the bull was demonstrated by using antisera to neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase. In the retractor penis muscle the findings were confirmed by staining for acetylcholinesterase. It was also shown that relaxation of strips of the retractor penis muscle induced by 70 microM acetylcholine was totally blocked by a 2.

Pharmacological analysis of nicotinic relaxation of bovine retractor penis muscle.

Relaxations of the isolated bovine retractor penis muscle elicited by nicotine and the three other nicotinic agonists acetylcholine, carbachol, and dimethylphenylpiperazinium were studied. Nicotine (10-45 microM) induced dose-dependent relaxations that closely resembled those evoked by transmural stimulation of inhibitory nerves. The relaxations induced by this dose level of nicotine were abruptly abolished by hypoxia and totally blocked by 1.

Evolution of keratin genes: different protein domains evolve by different pathways.

Intermediate filaments are composed of a family of proteins that evolved from a common ancestor. The proteins consist of three domains: a central, alpha-helical domain similar in all intermediate filaments, bracketed by two domains that are variable in length and structure. Within the intermediate-filament family, several subfamilies have been recognized by immunologic and nucleic acid hybridization techniques.

Ribonucleotides are channeled into a mixed DNA-RNA polymer by permeabilized hamster cells.

Permeabilized CHEF/18 hamster cells incorporate label from [3H] cytidine diphosphate (CDP) into material that we had designated as DNA. Spyrou and Reichard reported this label was incorporated only into RNA. To resolve this discrepancy the studies reported here were performed.

Dorsal-ventral differences in the glia limitans of the spinal cord: an ultrastructural study in developing normal and irradiated rats.

The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the lumbosacral spinal cord were examined in normal and irradiated postnatal rats. In normal rats between three and 13 days postnatal (DP), the glia limitans (GL) of the ventral surface was a more complex structure than the dorsal GL. This greater degree of complexity was manifested in a greater number of subpial astrocytes, a greater number of radial glial processes and a more advanced state in differentiation of its constituents.

Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pipemidic acid in normal human volunteers.

The pharmacokinetic profile of pipemidic acid was studied in two groups of young healthy volunteers by using a new, sensitive, high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure for quantitation of pipemidic acid in biological fluids. After oral or intravenous administration, the disposition of pipemidic acid may be described as a one- or a two-compartment open model, respectively. Oral bioavailability was 93.