Participation in the national cervical screening programme among women from New South Wales, Australia, by place of birth and time since immigration: A data linkage analysis using the 45 and up study.

Objective: Equitable elimination of cervical cancer in Australia within the next decade will require high National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) participation by all subgroups of women. The aim of this study was to examine the participation of immigrants compared to Australian-born women.

Methods: Participation in the NCSP (≥1cytology test) over a 3-year (2010-2012) and 5-year (2008-2012) period, by place of birth and time since immigration was examined using individually linked data of 67,350 New South Wales (NSW) women aged ≥45 enrolled in the 45 and Up Study.

Incidence profile of four major cancers among migrants in Australia, 2005-2014.

Purpose: To compare the incidence profile of four major cancers in Australia by place of birth.

Methods: In this retrospective population-based cohort study, the analysis included 548,851 residents diagnosed with primary colorectum, lung, female breast, or prostate cancer during 2005-2014. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for migrant groups relative to Australian-born.

Stage-Specific Risk of Breast Cancer among Canadian Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Women.

Background: Breast cancer screening utilization varies across immigrant and non-immigrant populations. Recent studies have also suggested that some immigrant populations in Canada present with a higher frequency of later-stage breast cancer compared to non-immigrants. Our study aimed to augment prior research by presenting breast cancer stage distributions and stage-specific breast cancer incidence rates for immigrant and non-immigrants in British Columbia, Canada.

Incidence of anogenital warts after the introduction of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine program in Manitoba, Canada.

Background: The incidence of anogenital warts (AGW) decreased after the introduction of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine in multiple jurisdictions. We studied how comparing AGW incidence rates with different outcomes affects the interpretation of the qHPV vaccination program. To do this, we replicated multiple study designs within a single jurisdiction (Manitoba).

Additive manufacturing of channeled acoustic topological insulators.

We propose and fabricate an acoustic topological insulator to channel sound along statically reconfigurable pathways. The proposed topological insulator exploits additive manufacturing to create unit cells with complex geometry designed to introduce topological behavior while reducing attenuation. We break spatial symmetry in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice structure composed of a unit cell with two rounded cylindrical chambers by altering the volume of each chamber, and thus, observe the quantum valley Hall effect when the Dirac cone at the K-point lifts to form a topologically protected bandgap.

Examining the Impact of First Nations Status on the Relationship Between Diabetes and Cancer.

This population-based study examined the relationship between diabetes and cancer and determined if this relationship was influenced by First Nations (FN) status. In a matched case-cohort study, individuals 30-74 years of age diagnosed with diabetes during 1984-2008 in the province of Manitoba, Canada, with no cancer diagnosis before their diabetes diagnosis were matched to one diabetes-free control by age, sex, FN status, and residence. Flexible competing risk and Royston-Parmar regression models were used to compare cancer rates.

Trends in Prescribing Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Bisphosphonates in Australia and Manitoba, Canada and Adherence to Recommendations.

Recommendations for using menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis management have changed over time. After the release of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial results in 2002, new evidence on risks and benefits of MHT became available, and newer guidelines generally specify that MHT should not be prescribed for prevention of chronic disease, including osteoporosis. This raises the question of whether bisphosphonate prescribing changed over time to compensate for the decrease in MHT use.

Breast cancer incidence by country of birth among immigrant women in British Columbia, Canada.

Introduction: Breast cancer rates vary internationally and between immigrant and non-immigrant populations. We describe breast cancer incidence by birth region and country in British Columbia, Canada.

Methods: We linked population-based health and immigration databases for a population with >1.

Breast screening participation and retention among immigrants and nonimmigrants in British Columbia: A population-based study.

Breast cancer screening programs operate across Canada providing mammography to women in target age groups with the goal of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of tumors. Disparities in breast screening participation among socio-demographic groups, including immigrants, have been reported in Canada. Our objectives were to: (1) assess breast screening participation and retention among immigrant and nonimmigrant women in British Columbia (BC), Canada; and (2) to characterize factors associated with screening among screening-age recent immigrant women in BC.

Early Evidence of the Effectiveness of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Program Against Anogenital Warts in Manitoba, Canada: A Registry Cohort Study.

Background: We assessed the effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (qHPV) vaccination program in Manitoba, Canada, in reducing incident anogenital warts (AGWs) and to what extent effectiveness depends on age at vaccination and number of doses.

Methods: Female participants 9 years or older who received the qHPV in Manitoba between September 2006 and March 2013 (n = 31,464) through the publicly funded school-based program and a high-risk catch-up program were included. They were matched on age and area of residence to unvaccinated female participants.

Cancer incidence, mortality, and stage at diagnosis in First Nations living in Manitoba.

Background: In the present study, we examined breast (bca) and colorectal cancer (crc) incidence and mortality and stage at diagnosis for First Nations (fn) individuals and all other Manitobans (aoms).

Methods: Several population-based databases were linked to determine ethnicity and to calculate age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Logistic regression was used to compare bca and crc stage at diagnosis.

Can high overall human papillomavirus vaccination coverage hide sociodemographic inequalities? An ecological analysis in Canada.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs have been implemented in more than 50 countries. These programs offer tremendous promise of reducing HPV-related disease burden. However, failure to achieve high coverage among high-risk groups may mitigate program success and increase inequalities.

Effect of changes in treatment practice on survival for cervical cancer: results from a population-based study in Manitoba, Canada.

Background: Results from clinical trials in the 1990s led to changes in the recommended treatment for the standard therapy for stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer from radiotherapy alone to chemo-radiotherapy. We conducted the first population-based study in Canada to investigate temporal treatment patterns for cervical cancer and long-term survival in relation to these changes in the treatment guidelines.

Methods: Detailed information on stage and treatment for 1085 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1984-2008 and identified from the population-based Manitoba Cancer Registry (MCR) in Canada was obtained from clinical chart review and the MCR.

Mammography rates for breast cancer screening: a comparison of First Nations women and all other women living in Manitoba, Canada, 1999-2008.

Introduction: First Nations (FN) women historically have low rates of preventive care, including breast cancer screening. We describe the frequency of breast cancer screening among FN women living in Manitoba and all other Manitoba (AOM) women after the introduction of a provincial, organized breast screening program and explore how age, area of residence, and time period influenced breast cancer screening participation.

Methods: The federal Indian Registry was linked to 2 population-based, provincial data sources.

Optimal uptake rates for initial treatments for cervical cancer in concordance with guidelines in Australia and Canada: Results from two large cancer facilities.

Background: Prior work estimating optimal treatment utilisation rates for cervical cancer has focused on radiotherapy or chemotherapy, using proportions of patients with clinical indications for specific treatment strategies which were obtained from the published literature.

Objectives: To estimate optimal uptake rates for surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and chemo-radiotherapy for cervical cancer treatment in Australia and Canada, and to quantify the differences in the optimal and the observed treatment utilisation rates in a large cancer facility from each country.

Methods: A decision tree was constructed to reflect treatments according to guidelines and current practice (in 1999-2008) in each setting.

Pap test use and cervical cancer incidence in First Nations women living in Manitoba.

This study examined Papanicolaou (Pap) test utilization, Pap test results, and cervical cancer incidence among First Nations (FN) women living in Manitoba, Canada taking into account age group, time period, and area of residence. Six population-based data sources were linked at an individual level. Negative binomial regression was used to compare Pap test utilization and results between FN and all other Manitoba (AOM) women.

Colorectal cancer screening in first nations people living in Manitoba.

Background: Because the burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) seems to be increasing in First Nations, it is important to better understand CRC screening utilization. The objective of this study was to describe CRC screening among First Nations living in Manitoba.

Methods: The Federal Indian Register was linked to two provincial databases.

Effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine against cervical dysplasia in Manitoba, Canada.

Purpose: Effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (QHPV) vaccine against cervical dysplasia has not been estimated using population-based individual level data. We assessed the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the QHPV vaccine against cervical dysplasia using data collected routinely in Manitoba.

Methods: Females ≥ 15 years old who received the QHPV vaccine in Manitoba between September 2006 and April 2010 privately (n = 3,541) were matched on age to up to three nonvaccinated females (n = 9,594).

Human papillomavirus vaccination and Pap testing profile in Manitoba, Canada.

Background: Females who receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may believe they are protected from developing cervical cancer and no longer require screening. Concern has also been expressed that vaccinated females are those that would be screened regularly. This study assesses the Pap testing behavior of vaccinated and non-vaccinated females.

Quantifying the impact of dissimilar HPV vaccination uptake among Manitoban school girls by ethnicity using a transmission dynamic model.

Background: Gardasil, a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, began among grade 6 girls in Manitoba, Canada in 2008. In Manitoba, there is evidence that First Nations, Métis, and Inuit women (FNMI) have higher HPV prevalence, lower invasive cervical cancer (ICC) screening, and higher ICC incidence than all other Manitoban (AOM) women. We developed a mathematical model to assess the plausible impact of unequal vaccination coverage among school girls on future cervical cancer incidence.

Cervical cancer incidence trends in Canada: a 30-year population-based analysis.

Objectives: To use the most recent data to update the trend in cervical cancer incidence in Canada over the 30 year period from 1978 to 2009.

Methods: Registered cases of cervical cancer and the corresponding person years for the Canadian population were retrieved from an online data repository of the International Agency on Research on Cancer and from Statistics Canada for the period 1978 to 2009. Annual age-standardized rates were estimated for all data combined and for each province separately.

Comparative cost-effectiveness of the quadrivalent and bivalent human papillomavirus vaccines: a transmission-dynamic modeling study.

Background: The quadrivalent and bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are now licensed in several countries. We compared the cost-effectiveness of the HPV vaccines to provide evidence for policy decisions.

Methods: We developed HPV-ADVISE, a multi-type individual-based transmission-dynamic model of HPV infection and disease (anogenital warts, and cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers).