The effects of phenylpropanolamine on dietary intake, physical activity, and body weight after smoking cessation.

This investigation evaluated the effect of phenylpropanolamine on the weight gain associated with 2 weeks of abstinence from smoking. Subjects were 57 adult female cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned, in a double-blind procedure, to chew gum with phenylpropanolamine or placebo gum, or to chew no gum. After a baseline assessment, subjects were paid to quit smoking for a period of 2 weeks.

A multimethod approach to the measurement of childhood physical activity and its relationship to blood pressure and body weight.

This investigation examined the relationships among measures of childhood physical activity and their association with measures of weight and blood pressure in a sample (n = 222) of preschool children. A multimethod factored approach to the assessment of physical activity was used; this approach included direct observation, motion sensor evaluation, and several parental reports of the subjects' activity levels. Analysis of these data revealed three highly significant activity factors: general activity, hyperactivity, and direct-observation-competitiveness activity.

Smoking status: effects on the dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men.

This investigation evaluated the relationship between smoking status and body fatness, dietary intake, and physical activity in adults. Subjects were 210 males who were either regular cigarette smokers (n = 35) or nonsmokers (n = 175). Estimated body fat and waist-to-hip (girth) measurements were carefully obtained.

Effects of obesity, social interactions, and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers.

Examined demographic, environmental, and parent-child interactional correlates of physical activity in a group of 222 preschoolers. Activity levels were assessed with a system that quantified directly observed physical activity in the natural environment. Using regression-modeling procedures, results revealed a significant relationship between (a) child's relative weight, parental weight status, and percentage of time spent outdoors (environment) and (b) children's activity levels.

A psychometric study of restraint: the impact of race, gender, weight and marital status.

This investigation examined the psychometric characteristics of the Revised Restraint Scale and its two subscales (Weight Fluctuation, Concern for Dieting) in a university with a diverse student population. Subjects were 497 individuals (151 men, 346 women) ranging in age from 17 to 57 years (mean age = 21 years). Of the total sample, 70% were White (n = 348) and 22% were Black (n = 109).

The comparability of two commonly used carbon monoxide analysis systems: a technical note.

Carbon monoxide (CO) in expired breath is a common strategy for verifying smoking abstinence. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the comparability of two carbon monoxide (CO) analyzers: the commonly used Ecolyzer Series 2000 analyzer versus the new, highly portable, and less expensive Ecolyzer Model 210. Fifty-eight CO readings were obtained from 29 subjects (17 smokers, 12 nonsmokers) and analyzed on both systems simultaneously.

Effects of dietary restraint, obesity, and gender on holiday eating behavior and weight gain.

This investigation evaluated the impact of dietary restraint, relative weight, and gender on holiday eating behavior and weight gain. 65 Ss (31 men and 34 women) completed detailed food records for the 2 days before, the 4 days during, and the 2 days after the Thanksgiving weekend. Results indicated increased eating during the Thanksgiving holiday, with men eating more than women and the obese eating less than the nonobese.

Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of the literature.

This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on smoking and body weight. The relationships between smoking and body weight are evaluated in 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. The mechanisms responsible for differences in body weight are discussed, the weight-related issues that promote smoking behavior are reviewed, methods for reducing postcessation weight gain are summarized, and future research directions are proposed.

Recall of a child's intake from one meal: are parents accurate?

Although the accuracy of dietary intake information for children has previously been studied, methodological issues make the results of those studies difficult to interpret. In order to address one of the major methodological issues, unobtrusive observations were performed on the lunch meal of 34 children. These children ranged in age from 4.

A developmental analysis of the influence of body weight on the sociometry of children.

The influence of relative weight on sociometric nominations (liking and disliking) and sociometric ratings by first, third, and fifth graders was assessed. In terms of nominations, first grade overweight males, relative to other males and to overweight females, received fewer liking nominations. On the sociometric ratings, third grade overweight males were rated lower by other males.

Validity, reliability, and factor structure of the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire.

Several authors have hypothesized cognitive distortion as central to the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. However, there have been few investigations of these hypotheses. Equally as important, psychometrically sound devices for assessing these cognitions are notably lacking.

A prospective study of the reliability and convergent validity of three physical activity measures in a field research trial.

This investigation sought to determine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of three commonly used physical activity measures. The Stanford Physical Activity Recall, the Caltrac Activity Monitor, and a daily physical activity log were administered to 45 subjects over a 3-week period. The results indicated high levels of test-retest reliability for the Stanford and the daily log; low test-retest reliability was obtained for the Caltrac.

Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of parental obesity on reports of children's dietary intake.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the accuracy of dietary-intake information of normal-weight vs overweight parents in their reports of their children's food intake. Subjects were 36 families with either normal-weight (n = 20) or overweight (n = 16) children aged 4-9 y. Unobtrusive observers recorded the types and amounts of food eaten by the children at one meal.

Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of obesity on self-reports of dietary intake in adult females.

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of self-reported 24-h dietary recalls of overweight and normal-weight adults. Forty female college students (21 overweight, 19 normal weight) consumed a lunch meal at the university cafeteria while being unobtrusively observed. The following day subjects returned to the lab and completed a 24-h recall of their food intake.

A comparison of four commonly used nutrient database programs.

The present study evaluated the comparability of two microcomputer systems and two mainframe nutrient database systems. Sixty 24-hour recalls were analyzed on each system. Analysis of the nutrient values obtained from each system revealed several significant differences between Short Report and the other three systems.

Dietary restraint and obesity: their effects on dietary intake.

The current investigation evaluated the effects of levels of restraint, dietary intake, and obesity on both immediate (i.e., in the laboratory) and subsequent (i.

Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace.

Despite their growing popularity, worksite health-promotion programs have generally been characterized as having low participation rates, high attrition rates, and modest outcomes. This investigation identified the predictors of participation, attrition, and outcome of worksite smoking-cessation program. Subjects were regular cigarette smokers recruited from two worksites.

Knowledge and beliefs regarding the consequences of cigarette smoking and their relationships to smoking status in a biracial sample.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate carefully smoking-related knowledge and beliefs and their relationships to smoking status in a large, heterogeneous sample of smokers and nonsmokers in two settings: (a) a large, biracial southern city and (b) a small midwestern community. Participants were 611 (198 male, 413 female) adult respondents to a random-dialing telephone survey in Fargo, North Dakota (n = 200), and Memphis, Tennessee (n = 411). Each participant was given the Smoking Attitudes Survey, which assesses generalized health beliefs as well as health-related problems associated with smoking.

The assessment of children's physical activity: a comparison of methods.

The authors assessed the convergent validity and the sources of error in an electronic single-plane accelerometer (i.e., Caltrac Personal Activity Computer (Hemokinetics, Inc.

Validation of the 24-hour dietary recall in preschool children.

The results of the current study indicate that data obtained by the dietary recall correlate highly with the children's weighed food intake if a parent or the primary caretaker providing the child's food responds to the interview. Meredith et al. found parents to be poor reporters of children's consumption outside the home.

A worksite smoking modification competition: potential for public health impact.

We evaluated the effectiveness of a worksite smoking cessation/reduction program both with and without formal competition for monetary prizes in five worksites (n = 107). A greater percentage of eligible smokers participated in the competition (88 per cent) than the non-competition (53 per cent) condition. Treatment outcome among participants was generally equivalent across conditions, but at a six-month follow-up, nonabstinent subjects in the competition condition had lower levels of carbon monoxide than subjects in the non-competition condition.

The relationship between experimental and neuropsychological measures of memory.

The current investigation sought to provide convergent and divergent validational information on both experimental and neuropsychological measures short versus long-term memory. Forty undergraduates (20 male, 20 female) were administered memory assessments from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery, and the experimentally developed Paired Associates (Face-Name Association & Distractor tasks). Results indicated that the experimental measures of memory demonstrated a high degree of convergent and divergent validity.