Beneficial microbiome and diet interplay in early-onset colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although the risk of developing CRC increases with age, approximately 10% of newly diagnosed cases occur in individuals under the age of 50. Significant changes in dietary habits in young adults since industrialization create a favorable microenvironment for colorectal carcinogenesis.

World trends in sugar-sweetened beverage and dietary sugar intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

Objective: To provide a systematic overview of world dietary sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake trends in children and adolescents.

Data Sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library were searched through January 2019 to identify longitudinal follow-up studies with time-trend data and repeated cross-sectional studies.

Data Extraction: Data from studies reporting ≥ 2 measurements (sugars, SSB, or sweets/candy) over ≥ 2 years and included ≥ 20 healthy, normal- or overweight children or adolescents aged 1-19 years.

Differences in parental involvement in the care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily insulin injections versus continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

Background: Assessing the degree of involvement of caregivers for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in their diabetes care, differences in the degree of involvement based on the method of insulin administration (multiple daily injections: MDI/continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: CSII), and its effect on glycemic control.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with T1DM patients, ages 6-13 years using a six question survey derived from the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (DFRQ). All caregivers (n=140) and participants between ages 11 and 13 (n=60) completed the survey.

Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation syndrome and celiac disease in a 13-year-old girl: further evidence for autoimmunity?

Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome is a rare and potentially lethal disorder. The etiology is unclear but paraneoplastic syndrome and autoimmunity secondary to neural crest tumors have been considered, even in patients without any detectable tumor due to their tendency for spontaneous remission. We are presenting a 13-year-old girl with ROHHAD syndrome and celiac disease, which may suggest further evidence for immune-mediated etiology in the pathogenesis of ROHHAD syndrome.

Spectrum of clinical presentations and endocrinological findings of patients with septo-optic dysplasia: a retrospective study.

Background: Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare condition with variable clinical pictures and spectrum of findings.

Objective: To analyze the spectrum of findings, frequency and age of onset of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions in children with SOD.

Method: A retrospective electronic medical record (EMR) chart review was done for patients with SOD seen in a tertiary care center's pediatric endocrinology clinic between January 1, 2012, and March 31, 2014.

Fear of needles in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of fear of needles and its effect on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

Methods: Patients aged 6 to 17 years with T1DM on MDI or CSII (n = 150) were enrolled. All caregivers and patients aged ≥11 years completed a "Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-testing Questionnaire" (D-FISQ).

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring among participants in the T1D Exchange clinic registry.

Objective: To assess the frequency of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device use, factors associated with its use, and the relationship of CGM with diabetes outcomes (HbA1c, severe hypoglycemia [SH], and diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA]).

Research Design And Methods: Survey questions related to CGM device use 1 year after enrollment in the T1D Exchange clinic registry were completed by 17,317 participants. Participants were defined as CGM users if they indicated using real-time CGM during the prior 30 days.

Atypical neurologic presentations of new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric age group: a report of five unusual cases and review of the literature.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and is caused by insulin deficiency resulting from the autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. Most children in the US with new onset T1DM present with the classic signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and 30% with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Neurologic manifestations are relatively rare and mostly include lethargy, decreased level of consciousness, and coma as a result of DKA.

Comparison of the expectations of caregivers and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus for independence in diabetes care-related tasks.

Objective: Children who are given unsupervised responsibility for their diabetes care prior to developmental and/or emotional readiness may have poorer glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to assess the age-related expectations of children and caregivers for independence in diabetes care-related tasks.

Methods: A total of 150 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) receiving multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) were enrolled in this study.

Basal and bolus insulin requirements in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII): effects of age and puberty.

Objective: Guidelines for insulin dosing, including the insulin to carbohydrate ratio (I/C), insulin sensitivity factor (ISF), and basal/bolus ratio guidelines, have been well established for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, clinical experience suggests that these guidelines are not appropriate for children. The purpose of this study was to determine the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) settings in children with T1DM at different ages and stages of puberty.

Comparison of the effect of insulin glulisine to insulin aspart on breakfast postprandial blood glucose levels in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily injections.

Objective: Rapid-acting insulins, including insulin aspart (NovoLog) and lispro (Humalog), do not seem to effectively control postprandial glycemic excursions in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The objective of this study was to determine if insulin glulisine (Apidra), another rapid-acting insulin analog, would be superior in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in children with T1DM.

Methods: Thirteen prepubertal children ages 4 to 11 years completed this study.

Mosaic pentasomy X/tetrasomy X syndrome and premature ovarian failure.

A 16 year-old girl with pentasomy X mosaicism (47,XXX(1) 48,XXXX(12)/49,XXXXX) presented with primary amenorrhea. She had epicanthal folds, long philtrum, high-arched palate, facial asymmetry, short webbed neck, low posterior hairline, mild scoliosis, cubitus valgus, mental retardation and clinodactily. She was diagnosed with osteoporosis and premature ovarian failure.

Reliability of early iodine 123 uptake for treatment of Graves disease in children.

Objective: To determine the reliability of early radioiodine uptake (RAIU) in calculation of the radioiodine ablation dose for pediatric patients with Graves disease.

Methods: This retrospective review of medical records involved 22 pediatric patients with Graves disease, who had undergone early (4 to 8 hours) and late (24 to 26 hours) RAIU studies and were treated with iodine 131 (131I). Quantitative data are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean.

Comparison of low-dose and high-dose cosyntropin stimulation testing in children.

Background:   There is no consensus among pediatric endocrinologists in using low-dose (LD) versus high-dose (HD) cosyntropin to test for secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency. This paper compares LD and HD cosyntropin stimulation testing in children for evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and suggests a new peak cortisol cut-off value for LD stimulation testing to avoid false positivity.

Methods:   Data of 36 children receiving LD (1 µg) and HD (249 µg) cosyntropin consecutively during growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing were analyzed in two groups.

Use of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in children and young adults on insulin pump therapy: patients' and caregivers' perception of benefit.

Background: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring systems (RT-CGMS) are a recently introduced technology for type 1 diabetes and experience in children is limited.

Objective: To assess patient and caregiver's perception of benefits and disadvantages of RT-CGMS in children or young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) on insulin pump therapy.

Subjects And Methods: Forty-three subjects (3-25 yr) on insulin pump therapy were included in the study.

Etiology of failure to thrive in infants and toddlers referred to a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic.

The aim of this study is to determine the underlying etiology of failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and toddlers referred to an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. A chart review was done on FTT referrals to a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic between 2002 and 2005. Majority of patients (51.

The high-risk patient: a profile of acute care psychiatric patients who leave without discharge.

An acute care psychiatric hospital faces the dilemma of maintaining a safe and secure environment for its patients while gradually providing them with enough independence to assume responsibility for the management of their own behaviors. When patients leave the hospital building, grounds, or an off-ground activity without prior authorization from the attending physician or if they do not adhere to restrictions during a medical/therapeutic pass, they are placing themselves, the hospital, and others in a high-risk situation. An analysis and review of the closed medical records of patients who had eloped were conducted to determine if a pattern existed among them.