Multi-Reflectance-Spectroscopy, Part I: Theory and Calculations Using Simulated Milk Samples.

Optical methods are appropriate for monitoring of constituents in suspensions and emulsions. A simple multi-wavelength, multi-reflectance spectroscopic technique, called MRS-Technology, is introduced. Two different signals of a sample are measured: the reflectance from a small and from a large measuring volume corresponding to the reduced scattering coefficient and to the sum of and the absorption coefficient μ, respectively.

Simultaneous monitoring of biofilm growth, microbial activity, and inorganic deposits on surfaces with an in situ, online, real-time, non-destructive, optical sensor.

Deposits on surfaces in water-bearing systems, also known as 'fouling', can lead to substantial losses in the performance of industrial processes as well as a decreased product quality. Early detection and localization of such deposits can, to a considerable extent, save such losses. However, most of the surfaces that become fouled, for example, in process water pipes, membrane systems, power plants, and food and beverage industries, are difficult to access and analyses conducted on the water phase do not reveal the site or extent of deposits.