One generation apart: Individual income and life expectancy in two Swedish cohorts born before and after the expansion of the welfare state.

Aims: Social inequalities in mortality persist or even increase in high-income countries. Most evidence is based on a period approach to measuring mortality - that is, data from individuals born decades apart. A cohort approach, however, provides complementary insights using data from individuals who grow up and age under similar social and institutional arrangements.

Pathways from Childhood Economic Conditions to Adult Mortality in a 1953 Stockholm Cohort: The Intermediate Role of Personal Attributes and Socioeconomic Career.

Although both childhood and adult economic conditions have been found to be associated with mortality, independently or in combination with each other, less is known about the role of intermediate factors between these two life stages. This study explores the pathways between childhood economic conditions and adult mortality by taking personal attributes as well as adult socioeconomic career into consideration. Further, we investigate the role of intergenerational income mobility for adult mortality.

Nutrition Standards For Infants and Young Children can be Implemented by Family Child Care Home Providers.

The study evaluated an educational intervention with family child care home (FCCH) providers to implement nutrition standards. A convenience sample of licensed California FCCH providers (n = 30) attended a 2-hour, in-person group training in English or Spanish on nutrition standards for infants and children aged 1 to 5 years. Provider surveys and researcher observations during meals/snacks were conducted pre- and 3 months post-intervention.

Nutrition Provided to Infants in Licensed Childcare Centers and Homes: A Descriptive Study.

Background: Infant nutrition can influence development, eating behaviors and obesity risk. Nearly half of infants in the U.S.

Status of Beverages Served to Young Children in Child Care After Implementation of California Policy, 2012-2016.

Introduction: Since 2012, licensed California child care centers and homes, per state policy, are required to serve only unflavored low-fat or nonfat milk to children aged 2 years or older, no more than one serving of 100% juice daily, and no beverages with added sweeteners, and they are required to ensure that drinking water is readily accessible throughout the day. We evaluated adherence to the policy after 4 years in comparison to the adherence evaluation conducted shortly after the policy went into effect.

Methods: Licensed California child care sites were randomly selected in 2012 and 2016 and surveyed about beverage practices and provisions to children aged 1-5 years.

Child Care Sites Participating in the Federal Child and Adult Care Food Program Provide More Nutritious Foods and Beverages.

Objective: To compare food/beverage provisions between child care sites participating and not participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP).

Design: Cross-sectional survey administered in 2016.

Setting: Licensed child care centers and homes.

Post-Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act Adherence to Select School Nutrition Standards by Region and Poverty Level: The Healthy Communities Study.

Objective: This study determined the extent to which schools adhered to select nutrition and wellness provisions of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act and examined differences by US region and school poverty level.

Design: Comparison of cross-sectional observational data from the Healthy Communities Study (2013-2015) by region and school poverty level.

Participants: A total of 401 US elementary and middle schools.

Household Food Insecurity is Associated with Higher Adiposity among US Schoolchildren Ages 10-15 Years: The Healthy Communities Study.

Background: Limited research exists on the relationship between food insecurity and children's adiposity and diet and how it varies by demographic characteristics in the United States.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between household food insecurity and child adiposity-related outcomes, measured as BMI (kg/m2) z score (BMI-z), weight status, and waist circumference, and diet outcomes, and examined if the associations differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Methods: Data collected in 2013-2015 from 5138 US schoolchildren ages 4-15 y from 130 communities in the cross-sectional Healthy Communities Study were analyzed.

Contribution of WIC-Eligible Foods to the Overall Diet of 13- and 24-Month-Old Toddlers in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides supplemental foods to assist participants in meeting their dietary needs. Few studies have described the extent to which WIC-eligible foods contribute to the overall diet of children who were enrolled in WIC prenatally or in early infancy.

Objective: Our aims were to examine commonly consumed foods and estimate the proportion of dietary intake contributed by WIC-eligible foods among 13- and 24-month-old children, and to assess differences by WIC participation status at 24-months.

Diet Quality of US Infants and Toddlers 7-24 Months Old in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2.

Background: Despite the important implications of childhood dietary intakes on lifelong eating habits and health, data are lacking on the diet quality of low-income infants and toddlers.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize diet quality in low-income US infants and toddlers.

Methods: A national observational study was conducted of 7- to 12-mo-old (n = 1261), 13-mo-old (n = 2515), and 24-mo-old (n = 2179) children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) prenatally/at birth from 2013 to 2016.

Compliance with the New 2017 Child and Adult Care Food Program Standards for Infants and Children before Implementation.

Background: Nationally, child care providers serve nutritious food to over 4.5 million children each day as part of the federal Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). As implementation of the first major revisions to the CACFP standards occurs in 2017, understanding how to support compliance is critical.

School Wellness Committees Are Associated With Lower Body Mass Index Z-Scores and Improved Dietary Intakes in US Children: The Healthy Communities Study.

Background: Our objective was to examine the association between school wellness committees and implementation of nutrition wellness policies and children's weight status and obesity-related dietary outcomes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 4790 children aged 4-15 years recruited from 130 communities in the Healthy Communities Study. Multilevel statistical models assessed associations between school wellness policies and anthropometric (body mass index z-score [BMIz]) and nutrition measures, adjusting for child and community-level covariates.

Eating School Meals Daily Is Associated with Healthier Dietary Intakes: The Healthy Communities Study.

Background: Research on the association between school meal consumption and overall dietary intake post-Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act implementation is limited.

Objective: This study examines the association between frequency of participating in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs and children's dietary intakes.

Design: The Healthy Communities Study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted between 2013 and 2015.

Breastfeeding Is Associated With Higher Retention in WIC After Age 1.

Objective: Examine factors associated with retention on the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) after 1 year of age.

Setting: A large California WIC program.

Participants: WIC participants 14 months old (9,632) between July and September, 2016.

Evaluation of Online and In-Person Nutrition Education Related to Salt Knowledge and Behaviors among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Participants.

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) differs from other federal nutrition programs in that nutrition education is a required component. WIC programs traditionally provide in-person education, but recently some WIC sites have started offering online education. Education focused on reducing salt intake is an important topic for WIC participants because a high-sodium diet has been associated with high blood pressure, and low-income populations are at increased risk.

If You Build It They Will Come: Satisfaction of WIC Participants With Online and Traditional In-Person Nutrition Education.

Objective: To examine satisfaction with in-person group and online nutrition education and compare findings based on language preference by Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants.

Methods: A total of 1,170 WIC participants were randomly assigned to 2 nutrition education modalities between March, 2014 and October, 2015 in Los Angeles, CA. Logistic regressions compared differences between groups in satisfaction outcomes.