Flexibility of intrinsic neural timescales during distinct behavioral states.

Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrate a heterogeneity of timescales prevalent in the brain's ongoing spontaneous activity, labeled intrinsic neural timescales (INT). At the same time, neural timescales also reflect stimulus- or task-related activity. The relationship of the INT during the brain's spontaneous activity with their involvement in task states including behavior remains unclear.

Cryo-tomography and 3D Electron Diffraction Reveal the Polar Habit and Chiral Structure of the Malaria Pigment Crystal Hemozoin.

Detoxification of heme in depends on its crystallization into hemozoin. This pathway is a major target of antimalarial drugs. The crystalline structure of hemozoin was established by X-ray powder diffraction using a synthetic analog, β-hematin.

Repertoire of timescales in uni - and transmodal regions mediate working memory capacity.

Working memory (WM) describes the dynamic process of maintenance and manipulation of information over a certain time delay. Neuronally, WM recruits a distributed network of cortical regions like the visual and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the subcortical hippocampus. How the input dynamics and subsequent neural dynamics impact WM remains unclear though.

Auditory inputs modulate intrinsic neuronal timescales during sleep.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that intrinsic neuronal timescales (INT) undergo modulation by external stimulation during consciousness. It remains unclear if INT keep the ability for significant stimulus-induced modulation during primary unconscious states, such as sleep. This fMRI analysis addresses this question via a dataset that comprises an awake resting-state plus rest and stimulus states during sleep.

Quantitative three-dimensional local order analysis of nanomaterials through electron diffraction.

Structure-property relationships in ordered materials have long been a core principle in materials design. However, the introduction of disorder into materials provides structural flexibility and thus access to material properties that are not attainable in conventional, ordered materials. To understand disorder-property relationships, the disorder - i.

Influence of Microstructure on the Material Properties of LLZO Ceramics Derived by Impedance Spectroscopy and Brick Layer Model Analysis.

Variants of garnet-type LiLaZrO are being intensively studied as separator materials in solid-state battery research. The material-specific transport properties, such as bulk and grain boundary conductivity, are of prime interest and are mostly investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Data evaluation is usually based on the one-dimensional (1D) brick layer model, which assumes a homogeneous microstructure of identical grains.

Optimal estimated standard uncertainties of reflection intensities for kinematical refinement from 3D electron diffraction data.

Estimating the error in the merged reflection intensities requires a full understanding of all the possible sources of error arising from the measurements. Most diffraction-spot integration methods focus mainly on errors arising from counting statistics for the estimation of uncertainties associated with the reflection intensities. This treatment may be incomplete and partly inadequate.

Overcoming the Miscibility Gap of GaN/InN in MBE Growth of Cubic InGaN.

The lack of internal polarization fields in cubic group-III nitrides makes them promising arsenic-free contenders for next-generation high-performance electronic and optoelectronic applications. In particular, cubic InGaN semiconductor alloys promise band gap tuning across and beyond the visible spectrum, from the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. However, realization across the complete composition range has been deemed impossible due to a miscibility gap corresponding to the amber spectral range.

Scale-free dynamics in the core-periphery topography and task alignment decline from conscious to unconscious states.

Scale-free physiological processes are ubiquitous in the human organism. Resting-state functional MRI studies observed the loss of scale-free dynamics under anesthesia. In contrast, the modulation of scale-free dynamics during task-related activity remains an open question.

Accurate structure models and absolute configuration determination using dynamical effects in continuous-rotation 3D electron diffraction data.

Continuous-rotation 3D electron diffraction methods are increasingly popular for the structure analysis of very small organic molecular crystals and crystalline inorganic materials. Dynamical diffraction effects cause non-linear deviations from kinematical intensities that present issues in structure analysis. Here, a method for structure analysis of continuous-rotation 3D electron diffraction data is presented that takes multiple scattering effects into account.

As without, so within: how the brain's temporo-spatial alignment to the environment shapes consciousness.

Consciousness is constituted by a structure that includes contents as foreground and the environment as background. This structural relation between the experiential foreground and background presupposes a relationship between the brain and the environment, often neglected in theories of consciousness. The temporo-spatial theory of consciousness addresses the brain-environment relation by a concept labelled 'temporo-spatial alignment'.

Scale-free dynamics of core-periphery topography.

The human brain's cerebral cortex exhibits a topographic division into higher-order transmodal core and lower-order unimodal periphery regions. While timescales between the core and periphery region diverge, features of their power spectra, especially scale-free dynamics during resting-state and their mdulation in task states, remain unclear. To answer this question, we investigated the ~1/f-like pink noise manifestation of scale-free dynamics in the core-periphery topography during rest and task states applying infra-slow inter-trial intervals up to 1 min falling inside the BOLD's infra-slow frequency band.

3D Impedance Modeling of Metal Anodes in Solid-State Batteries-Incompatibility of Pore Formation and Constriction Effect in Physical-Based 1D Circuit Models.

A non-ideal contact at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface of a solid-state battery arising due to pores (voids) or inclusions results in a geometric constriction effect that severely deteriorates the electric transport properties of the battery cell. The lack of understanding of this phenomenon hinders the optimization process of novel components, such as reversible and high-rate metal anodes. Deeper insight into the constriction phenomenon is necessary to correctly monitor interface degradation and to accelerate the successful use of metal anodes in solid-state batteries.

Interplay of Dynamic Constriction and Interface Morphology between Reversible Metal Anode and Solid Electrolyte in Solid State Batteries.

In an all-solid-state battery, the electrical contact between its individual components is of key relevance in addition to the electrochemical stability of its interfaces. Impedance spectroscopy is particularly suited for the non-destructive investigation of interfaces and of their stability under load. Establishing a valid correlation between microscopic processes and the macroscopic impedance signal, however, is challenging and prone to errors.

Patterning 2D materials for devices by mild lithography.

2D materials have been intensively studied for almost two decades and are now exhibiting exceptional properties. Thus, devices that integrate 2D materials offer many novel functionalities that will contribute significantly to the transition into an era beyond 'Moore'. Lithographic methods are key technologies in the context of materials' integration into devices.

Microscopic origin of near- and far-field contributions to tip-enhanced optical spectra of few-layer MoS.

Tip-induced optical spectroscopy overcomes the inherent resolution limits of conventional optical techniques enabling studies of sub-nm sized objects due to the tip's near-field antenna action. This statement is true for individual molecules on surfaces or in the gas phase, but does not hold without restrictions for spatially extended samples. The reason is that the perturbations caused by the tip extend into the sample volume.

When the World Breaks Down: A 3-Stage Existential Model of Nihilism in Schizophrenia.

The existential crisis of nihilism in schizophrenia has been reported since the early days of psychiatry. Taking first-person accounts concerning nihilistic experiences of both the self and the world as vantage point, we aim to develop a dynamic existential model of the pathological development of existential nihilism. Since the phenomenology of such a crisis is intrinsically subjective, we especially take the immediate and pre-reflective first-person perspective's (FPP) experience (instead of objectified symptoms and diagnoses) of schizophrenia into consideration.

Atomically Thin Sheets of Lead-Free 1D Hybrid Perovskites Feature Tunable White-Light Emission from Self-Trapped Excitons.

Low-dimensional organic-inorganic perovskites synergize the virtues of two unique classes of materials featuring intriguing possibilities for next-generation optoelectronics: they offer tailorable building blocks for atomically thin, layered materials while providing the enhanced light-harvesting and emitting capabilities of hybrid perovskites. This work goes beyond the paradigm that atomically thin materials require in-plane covalent bonding and reports single layers of the 1D organic-inorganic perovskite [C H N] [BiCl ]Cl. Its unique 1D-2D structure enables single layers and the formation of self-trapped excitons, which show white-light emission.

Polarization-dependence of the Raman response of free-standing strained CeGdO membranes.

Square-shaped CeGdO (GDC) membranes are prepared by microstructuring techniques from (111)-oriented, polycrystalline GDC thin films. The strain state of the membranes is investigated by micro-Raman mapping using polarized excitation light. Using circularly polarized excitation, the maps of the Raman shifts reveal circular contour lines in concordance with the quadratic shape of the membrane and with optical investigations of the residual strain distribution.

Synthesis of Discrete CHA Zeolite Nanocrystals without Organic Templates for Selective CO Capture.

Small-pore zeolites such as chabazite (CHA) are excellent candidates for the selective separation of CO ; however, the current synthesis involves several steps and the use of organic structure-directing agent (OSDA), increasing their cost and energy requirements. We report the synthesis of small-pore zeolite crystals (aluminosilicate) with CHA-type framework structure by direct synthesis in a colloidal suspension containing a mixture of inorganic cations only (Na , K , and Cs ). The location of CO molecules in the host structure was revealed by 3D electron diffraction (3D ED).

Ion thrusters for electric propulsion: Scientific issues developing a niche technology into a game changer.

The transition from old space to new space along with increasing commercialization has a major impact on space flight, in general, and on electric propulsion (EP) by ion thrusters, in particular. Ion thrusters are nowadays used as primary propulsion systems in space. This article describes how these changes related to new space affect various aspects that are important for the development of EP systems.

Assessing the benefits of customizable ion-beam profiles for homogeneously coating or treating the surfaces of non-planar substrates.

Ion-beam techniques, i.e., ion-beam sputtering for material deposition or ion beam etching for a controlled modification of surfaces, are well established for planar thin-film processing.

Anomalous Angle-Dependent Magnetotransport Properties of Single InAs Nanowires.

We study the magnetotransport properties of single InAs nanowires grown by selective-area metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. The semiconducting InAs nanowires exhibit a large positive ordinary magnetoresistance effect. However, a deviation from the corresponding quadratic behavior is observed for an orientation of the applied magnetic field perpendicular to the nanowire axis.

Thermally switchable terahertz wavefront metasurface modulators based on the insulator-to-metal transition of vanadium dioxide.

Active use of phase transition phenomena for reversibly tuning the properties of functional materials in devices currently is an attractive research area of materials science. We designed and fabricated two kinds of metasurface modulators for dynamically controlling the wavefront of terahertz (THz) radiation based on the temperature-induced insulator-to-metal phase transition of vanadium dioxide (VO). The modulators designed are based on the C-shaped slot antenna array.

Materials processing using radio-frequency ion-sources: Ion-beam sputter-deposition and surface treatment.

The capabilities of ion-beam techniques for thin-film processing, i.e., for materials deposition by ion-beam sputtering and surface treatment, are reviewed.