In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells.

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity.

Experts' saliency ratings of speech-language dimensions associated with cluttering.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate how cluttering specialists rated degree of prominence or saliency of various communication dimensions as contributing to the overall cluttering severity.

Method: Using a 9-point Likert type scoring system 31 cluttering specialists (with an average of 19 years of experience with cluttering) rated the relative importance of eight speech and language dimensions often associated with cluttering from '1' ('not important') at the low end to a '9' ('very important') at the high saliency end.

Results: Though the salience ratings differed the values in most cases were toward the high end of the rating scale.

Disfluencies in cluttered speech.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and frequency of occurrence of disfluencies, as they occur in singletons and in clusters, in the conversational speech of individuals who clutter compared to typical speakers. Except for two disfluency types (revisions in clusters, and word repetitions in clusters) nearly all disfluency types were virtually indistinguishable in frequency of occurrence between the two groups. These findings shed light on cluttering in several respects, foremost of which is that it provides documentation on the nature of disfluencies in cluttering.

Cyclometalated ruthenium complexes for sensitizing nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells.

Cyclometalated ruthenium complexes of [Ru(C--arrow--N) (N--N--N)] configuration are a promising new class of molecular sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, as a result of their broad and red-shifted visible absorption in comparison to the analogous [Ru(N--N--N)2] type coordinative complexes.

Measuring charge transport from transient photovoltage rise times. A new tool to investigate electron transport in nanoparticle films.

Charge transport rate at open-circuit potential (V(oc)) is proposed as a new characterization method for dye-sensitized (DS) and other nanostructured solar cells. At V(oc), charge density is flat and measurable, which simplifies quantitative comparison of transport and charge density. Transport measured at V(oc) also allows meaningful comparison of charge transport rates between different treatments, temperatures, and types of cells.