Health consequences of pipe versus cigarette smoking.

Objectives: To estimate the risk of dying from all causes and from specified smoking-related diseases in men who were exclusive daily pipe smokers at two consecutive examinations, and in men who switched from smoking cigarettes only to pipe only.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three counties in Norway.

Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption.

Objective: To determine the risk of dying from specified smoking-related diseases and from any cause in heavy smoking men and women (> or =15 cigarettes/day), who reduced their daily cigarette consumption by >50%.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three counties in Norway.