Rice OsDof12 enhances tolerance to drought stress by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway.

Drought is a major abiotic stress that severely affects cereal production worldwide. Although several genes have been identified that enhance the ability of rice to withstand drought stress, further research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to drought stress. Our study showed that overexpression of rice DNA binding with one finger 12 (OsDof12) enhances tolerance to drought stress.

RICE LONG GRAIN 3 delays dark-induced senescence by downregulating abscisic acid signaling and upregulating reactive oxygen species scavenging activity.

Leaf senescence is a complex developmental process influenced by abscisic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), both of which increase during senescence. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of leaf senescence can provide insights into enhancing crop yield and stress tolerance. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role and mechanisms of rice (Oryza sativa) LONG GRAIN 3 (OsLG3), an APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor, in orchestrating dark-induced leaf senescence.

Rice CHD3/Mi-2 chromatin remodeling factor RFS regulates vascular development and root formation by modulating the transcription of auxin-related genes NAL1 and OsPIN1.

The vascular system in plants facilitates long-distance transportation of water and nutrients through the xylem and phloem, while also providing mechanical support for vertical growth. Although many genes that regulate vascular development in rice have been identified, the mechanism by which epigenetic regulators control vascular development remains unclear. This study found that Rolled Fine Striped (RFS), a Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding 3 (CHD3)/Mi-2 subfamily protein, regulates vascular development in rice by affecting the initiation and development of primordia.

Rice CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 1-LIKE interacts with OsCRY2 and promotes flowering by upregulating Early heading date 1.

Flowering time is a crucial adaptive response to seasonal variation in plants and is regulated by environmental cues such as photoperiod and temperature. In this study, we demonstrated the regulatory function of rice CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 1-LIKE (OsCIBL1) in flowering time. Overexpression of OsCIB1L promoted flowering, whereas the oscib1l knockout mutation did not alter flowering time independent of photoperiodic conditions.

Rice OsGATA16 is a positive regulator for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development.

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in plants that contain chlorophylls and facilitate photosynthesis for growth and development. As photosynthetic efficiency significantly impacts crop productivity, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast development has been crucial in increasing grain and biomass production. This study demonstrates the involvement of OsGATA16, an ortholog of Arabidopsis GATA, NITRATE INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM INVOLVED (GNC), and GNC-LIKE/CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (GNL/CGA1), in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa).

OsMYB7 determines leaf angle at the late developmental stage of lamina joints in rice.

Leaf angle shapes plant architecture, allowing for optimal light interception to maximize photosynthesis and yield, and therefore is a crucial agronomic trait. Here, we show that the rice ( L.) R2R3-type MYB transcription factor OsMYB7 determines leaf angle in a developmental stage-specific manner.

Triterpenoid saponins from Camellia sinensis roots with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects.

Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae) leaves have been used as a beverage in both Eastern and Western cultures for a long time, while its root has not been intensively studied. In this study, seven undescribed triterpenoid saponins (1-7) and twelve known saponins (8-19) with different combinations of substituents, such as oxygenated isoprenyl substituents and sugar moieties, and lengths of sugar chains, were isolated from the C.

Metabolite Profiling to Evaluate Metabolic Changes in Genetically Modified Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice.

Event DS rice producing protopanaxadiol (PPD) has been previously developed by inserting dammarenediol-II synthase gene () and PPD synthase gene (). We performed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics of the DS rice to identify metabolic alterations as the effects of genetic engineering by measuring the contents of 65 metabolites in seeds and 63 metabolites in leaves. Multivariate analysis and one-way analysis of variance between DS and non-genetically modified (GM) rice showed that DS rice accumulated fewer tocotrienols, tocopherols, and phytosterols than non-GM rice.

Suppression of cuticular wax biosynthesis mediated by rice LOV KELCH REPEAT PROTEIN 2 supports a negative role in drought stress tolerance.

Drought tolerance is important for grain crops, including rice (Oryza sativa); for example, rice cultivated under intermittent irrigation produces less methane gas compared to rice grown in anaerobic paddy field conditions, but these plants require greater drought tolerance. Moreover, the roles of rice circadian-clock genes in drought tolerance remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the mutation of LOV KELCH REPEAT PROTEIN 2 (OsLKP2) enhanced drought tolerance by increasing cuticular wax biosynthesis.

Mutation of OsMYB60 reduces rice resilience to drought stress by attenuating cuticular wax biosynthesis.

The cuticular wax layer on leaf surfaces limits non-stomatal water loss to the atmosphere and protects against pathogen invasion. Although many genes associated with wax biosynthesis and wax transport in plants have been identified, their regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the MYB transcription factor OsMYB60 positively regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and this helps rice (Oryza sativa) plants tolerate drought stress.

The AP2/ERF transcription factor LATE FLOWERING SEMI-DWARF suppresses long-day-dependent repression of flowering.

The vegetative-to-reproductive transition requires the complex, coordinated activities of many transcriptional regulators. Rice (Oryza sativa), a facultative short-day (SD) plant, flowers early under SD (≤10 h light/day) and late under long-day (LD; ≥14 h light/day) conditions. Here, we demonstrate that rice LATE FLOWERING SEMI-DWARF (LFS) encodes an APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor that promotes flowering under non-inductive LD conditions.

Inactivating transcription factor OsWRKY5 enhances drought tolerance through abscisic acid signaling pathways.

During crop cultivation, water-deficit conditions retard growth, thus reducing crop productivity. Therefore, uncovering the mechanisms behind drought tolerance is a critical task for crop improvement. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) WRKY transcription factor OsWRKY5 negatively regulates drought tolerance.

The Rice CHD3/Mi-2 Chromatin Remodeling Factor Rolled Fine Striped Promotes Flowering Independent of Photoperiod.

Genetic studies have revealed that chromatin modifications affect flowering time, but the underlying mechanisms by which chromatin remodeling factors alter flowering remain largely unknown in rice (). Here, we show that Rolled Fine Striped (RFS), a chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 3 (CHD3)/Mi-2 subfamily ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor, promotes flowering in rice. Diurnal expression of peaked at night under short-day (SD) conditions and at dawn under long-day (LD) conditions.

Rice ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 101 Promotes Leaf Senescence Through Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Regulation of and .

Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and an important step that relocates nutrients for grain filling in cereal crops. Senescence occurs in an age-dependent manner and under unfavorable environmental conditions such as deep shade, water deficit, and high salinity stresses. Although many transcription factors that modulate leaf senescence have been identified, the mechanisms that regulate leaf senescence in response to environmental conditions remain elusive.

Effects of Light Quality and Phytochrome Form on Melatonin Biosynthesis in Rice.

Light is an important factor influencing melatonin synthesis in response to cadmium treatment in rice. However, the effects of light quality on, and the involvement of phytochrome light receptors in, melatonin production have not been explored. In this study, we used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to investigate the effect of light wavelength on melatonin synthesis, and the role of phytochromes in light-dependent melatonin induction in rice.

Overexpression of Rice () Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Salt Stress in Rice.

Expansins are key regulators of cell-wall extension and are also involved in the abiotic stress response. In this study, we evaluated the function of involved in salt stress tolerance. Phenotypic analysis showed that overexpression remarkably enhanced tolerance to salt stress.

Rice Senescence-Induced Receptor-Like Kinase () Is Involved in Phytohormone-Mediated Chlorophyll Degradation.

Chlorophyll breakdown is a vital catabolic process of leaf senescence as it allows the recycling of nitrogen and other nutrients. In the present study, we isolated rice senescence-induced receptor-like kinase (), whose transcription was upregulated in senescing rice leaves. The detached leaves of mutant () contained more green pigment than those of the wild type (WT) during dark-induced senescence (DIS).

Mutation of Enhances Grain Yield by Increasing Panicle Number and Delaying Leaf Senescence during Grain Filling in Rice.

Exploring genetic methods to improve yield in grain crops such as rice () is essential to help meet the needs of the increasing population. Here, we report that rice ONAC096 affects grain yield by regulating leaf senescence and panicle number. expression increased rapidly in rice leaves upon the initiation of aging- and dark-induced senescence.

OsWRKY5 Promotes Rice Leaf Senescence via Senescence-Associated NAC and Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway.

he onset of leaf senescence is triggered by external cues and internal factors such as phytohormones and signaling pathways involving transcription factors (TFs). Abscisic acid (ABA) strongly induces senescence and endogenous ABA levels are finely tuned by many senescence-associated TFs. Here, we report on the regulatory function of the senescence-induced TF OsWRKY5 TF in rice ( ).

Rice DNA-Binding One Zinc Finger 24 (OsDOF24) Delays Leaf Senescence in a Jasmonate-Mediated Pathway.

Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and in cereal crops, the timing of senescence relative to grain filling has major effects on agronomic traits such as yield. Although many genetic factors are involved in the regulation of leaf senescence in cereals, the key regulators remain to be determined. Plant transcription factors with a conserved DOF (DNA-binding one zinc finger) domain play roles in multiple physiological processes.

The Rice () Encodes a Plant Spastin That Inhibits ROS Accumulation in Leaf Development and Functions in Leaf Senescence.

Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are usually controlled by single recessive mutations that cause the formation of necrotic lesions without pathogen invasion. These genetic defects are useful to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of defense-related programmed cell death in plants. Molecular evidence has been suggested that some of LMMs are closely associated with the regulation of leaf senescence in rice ().

The Rice Rolled Fine Striped (RFS) CHD3/Mi-2 Chromatin Remodeling Factor Epigenetically Regulates Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress Responses During Leaf Development.

In rice (), moderate leaf rolling increases photosynthetic competence and raises grain yield; therefore, this important agronomic trait has attracted much attention from plant biologists and breeders. However, the relevant molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we isolated and characterized (), a key gene affecting rice leaf rolling, chloroplast development, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging.

OsWOX3A is involved in negative feedback regulation of the gibberellic acid biosynthetic pathway in rice (Oryza sativa).

The plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) nuclear proteins have important roles in the transcriptional regulation of many developmental processes. Among the rice (Oryza sativa) WOX proteins, a loss of OsWOX3A function in narrow leaf2 (nal2) nal3 double mutants (termed nal2/3) causes pleiotropic effects, such as narrow and curly leaves, opened spikelets, narrow grains, more tillers, and fewer lateral roots, but almost normal plant height. To examine OsWOX3A function in more detail, transgenic rice overexpressing OsWOX3A (OsWOX3A-OX) were generated; unexpectedly, all of them consistently exhibited severe dwarfism with very short and wide leaves, a phenotype that resembles that of gibberellic acid (GA)-deficient or GA-insensitive mutants.

Striking natural diversity in glandular trichome acylsugar composition is shaped by variation at the Acyltransferase2 locus in the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites.

Acylsugars are polyesters of short- to medium-length acyl chains on sucrose or glucose backbones that are produced in secretory glandular trichomes of many solanaceous plants, including cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Despite their roles in biotic stress adaptation and their wide taxonomic distribution, there is relatively little information about the diversity of these compounds and the genes responsible for their biosynthesis. In this study, acylsugar diversity was assessed for 80 accessions of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites from throughout the Andes Mountains.