Publications by authors named "Kiyomi Nigorikawa"

Transcriptional activation, based on Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) and known as CRISPR activation (CRISPRa), is a specific and safe tool to upregulate endogenous genes. Therefore, CRISPRa is valuable not only for analysis of molecular mechanisms of cellular events, but also for treatment of various diseases. Regulating autophagy has been proposed to enhance effects of some therapies.

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Toward human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) cure, cells latently infected with HIV-1 must be eliminated from people living with HIV-1. We previously developed a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone derivative , with high HIV-1 latency-reversing activity, based on YSE028 () as a lead compound and found that the activity was correlated with binding affinity for PKC and stability against esterase-mediated hydrolysis. Here, we synthesized new DAG-lactone derivatives not only containing a tertiary ester group or an isoxazole surrogate but also several symmetric alkylidene moieties to improve HIV-1 latency reversing activity.

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In animal cells, vacuoles are absent, but can be induced by diseases and drugs. While phosphoinositides are critical for membrane trafficking, their role in the formation of these vacuoles remains unclear. The immunosuppressive KRP203/Mocravimod, which antagonizes sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, has been identified as having novel multimodal activity against phosphoinositide kinases.

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In genome editing, it is important to avoid off-target mutations so as to reduce unexpected side effects, especially for therapeutic applications. Recently, several high-fidelity versions of SpCas9 have been developed to reduce off-target mutations. In addition to reducing off-target effects, highly efficient intended target gene correction is also essential to rescue protein functions that have been disrupted by single nucleotide polymorphisms.

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Genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9, particularly for therapeutic purposes, should be accomplished via the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway, which exhibits greater precision than other pathways. However, one of the issues to be solved is that genome editing efficiency with HDR is generally low. A Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) fusion with human Geminin (Cas9-Gem) reportedly increases HDR efficiency slightly.

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TMEM55B is first identified as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-P24-phosphatases (PtdIns-4,5-P24-phosphatases) that catalyse dephosphorylation of PtdIns-4,5-P2 to PtdIns-5-P. We demonstrate for the first time that TMEM55B is phosphorylated by Erk/MAPK and that this mechanism participates in regulation of lysosomal clustering. Exposure of RAW264.

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Article Synopsis
  • - Macrophages take up modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) through a receptor called scavenger receptor A (SR-A), leading to the formation of foam cells, which is important in atherosclerosis.
  • - The study discovered that a protein named Sac1 increases SR-A levels, promoting foam cell formation; when Sac1 was knocked down, SR-A levels decreased, impairing this process.
  • - The knockdown of Sac1 affected the glycosylation of SR-A, but not its mRNA expression or degradation, indicating that Sac1 plays a role in maintaining the protein levels of SR-A by influencing its glycosylation.
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Article Synopsis
  • Lysophosphatidylinositol-acyltransferase-1 (LPIAT1) plays a crucial role in transferring arachidonoyl-CoA to lysophosphoinositides, with its deficiency causing severe brain and liver issues in mice, though the underlying molecular reasons are unclear.
  • Researchers created LPIAT1-deficient Raw264.7 macrophages using shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 to study its effects, discovering a significant reduction of specific phosphoinositide species, particularly PtdInsP.
  • The LPIAT1-deficient cells showed abnormal, prolonged calcium oscillations in response to UDP stimulation, suggesting these irregularities might contribute to increased liver inflammation related to LPIAT1
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PIKfyve phosphorylates PtdIns(3)P to PtdIns(3, 5)P2. One of the best characterized effector downstream of PtdIns(3, 5)P2 is a lysosomal Ca2+ channel, TRPML1. Although it has been reported that TRPML1 is involved in phagosome-lysosome fusion, the relevance of the Ca2+ channel in phagosome acidification has been denied.

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Article Synopsis
  • - TMEM55a is an enzyme that converts phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)(4,5)P into PtdIns(5)P, but its exact role is not fully understood, especially regarding its effect on phagocytosis.
  • - Research showed that macrophages lacking TMEM55a engulf larger particles more effectively and that introducing a similar phosphatase (IpgD) inhibited the process, suggesting TMEM55a’s role in regulating particle engulfment.
  • - The absence of TMEM55a increased the levels of certain phosphoinositides and F-actin during phagocytic processes, indicating it negatively regulates phagocytosis of larger particles by reducing PtdIns(
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The findings of this study suggest that the phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac3 maintains the protein level of scavenger receptor A (SR-A) and regulates foam cell formation. RAW264.7 macrophages were transfected with short hairpin RNAs that target Sac3.

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The relative abundance of phosphoinositide (PI) species on the phagosome membrane fluctuates over the course of phagocytosis. PtdIns(3,4,5)P and PtdIns(3,4)P rapidly increase in the forming of the phagocytic cup, following which they disappear after sealing of the cup. In the present study, we monitored the clearance of these PI species using the enhanced green fluorescent protein-fused pleckstrin homology domain of Akt, a fluorescence probe that binds both PtdIns(3,4,5)P and PtdIns(3,4)P in Raw 264.

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Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling has been implicated in the anti-inflammatory response in a mouse model of endotoxemia and sepsis. The present study focused on the role of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I (Inpp4a), which dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4)P2 to PtdIns(3)P, in bacterial infections. We prepared myeloid cell-specific Inpp4a-conditional knockout mice.

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Phagocytosis is a highly conserved process whereby phagocytic cells engulf pathogens and apoptotic bodies. The present study focused on the role of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I (Inpp4a) in phagocytosis. Raw264.

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In this study, we present findings that suggest that PI3K-C2α, a member of the class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subfamily, regulates the process of FcεRI-triggered degranulation. RBL-2H3 cells were transfected with shRNA targeting PI3K-C2α. The knockdown impaired the FcεRI-induced release of a lysosome enzyme, β-hexosaminidase, without affecting the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization.

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Phosphoinositide 5'-phosphatases have been implicated in the regulation of phagocytosis. However, their precise roles in the phagocytic process are poorly understood. We prepared RAW264.

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TLR9 is a receptor for oligodeoxynucleotides that contain unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG). Because TLR9 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum during the quiescence state, CpG binding to TLR9 requires membrane trafficking, which includes the maturation of the CpG-containing endosome. In the present study, we examined the role of PIKfyve, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, in the regulation of TLR9 signaling.

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Studies with knockout mice have indicated that the only isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) functioning in the oxidative burst of mouse neutrophils in response to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists is a class-IB PI3K, p110γ. In the present study, we observed that the cells from p110γ(-/-) mice gain a response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) after priming with cytochalasin E. Even the unprimed cells, which show no response to fMLP, produce a significant amount of superoxide, when an effective agonist of the mouse-type fMLP receptors, Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met, is used to stimulate the cells.

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PtdIns(3)P (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate) is a signaling molecule important for phagosome maturation. The major role of Vps34 in production of phagosomal PtdIns(3)P has been indicated. However, the fate of the newly generated PtdIns(3)P has not been well described.

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Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG) stimulate innate immune responses. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in CpG-induced immune activation; however, its precise role has not yet been clarified. CpG-induced production of IL-10 was dramatically increased in macrophages deficient in PI3Kγ (p110γ(-/-)).

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The complement system is a classic central player in innate immunity. Most pathogens activate both complement and the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Therefore, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of innate immunity, it is important to understand the crosstalk between these two systems.

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PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) alpha has been implicated in phagocytosis and fluid-phase pinocytosis in macrophages. The subtype-specific role of PI3K in these processes is poorly understood. To elucidate this issue, we made Raw 264.

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Stimulation of macrophages by various ligands results in the activation of both phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we showed that PKCdelta selectively inhibits class IA PI3K. Prior exposure of macrophages to a PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited the PI3K activation induced by the Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR) ligation but not that induced by C5a.

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It has been suggested that PI3K participates in TLR signaling. However, identifying specific roles for individual PI3K subtypes in signaling has remained elusive. In macrophages from the p110gamma(-/-) mouse, LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt occurred normally despite the fact that the action of anaphylatoxin C5a was impaired markedly.

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The activation of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is a key event in the transmission of signals from Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The catalytic activity of the protein kinase is not essential for its ability to activate nuclear factor (NF) kappaB, because transfection of a kinase-dead mutant of IRAK-1 (IRAK-1KD) is able to activate NF-kappaB in HEK293T cells. In the present study, we observed that the effect of IRAK-1KD was impaired by simultaneous expression of IRAK-4.

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