Teaching, caring, and altruistic behaviors in toddlers.

Peer-directed behaviors of toddlers were longitudinally recorded in a naturalistic preschool setting. An observer (O, the first author) recorded children's behaviors during play sessions with an IC recorder. One-year-old children (N=13) and children under the age of 12 months (N=8) were observed for 15 min, 6 times in a year.

Origins of a theory of mind.

Twenty-two pairs of typically developing toddlers (M=24.32 months) and their mothers were observed in a play-room solving puzzles during 30 min. The target of the observations was hand-taking gesture.

Cultural Differences in Emotional Responses to Success and Failure.

The emotional responses to achievement contexts of 149 preschool children from three cultural groups were observed. The children were Japanese (N=32), African American (N=63) and White American of mixed European ancestry (N=54). The results showed that Japanese children differed from American children in expressing less shame, pride, and sadness, but more of both exposure and evaluative embarrassment.

Can we observe spontaneous smiles in 1-year-olds?

Five infants were observed longitudinally. In over 30 h of observations, seven spontaneous smiles and one spontaneous laugh were found. All smiles were observed in infants between the ages of 10 and 15 months.

Roots of smile: a preterm neonates' study.

Twenty-two preterm neonates were observed 1h per neonate in the NICU. Ninety-five spontaneous smiles were recorded. Younger and smaller neonates showed more and longer spontaneous smiles than older and larger.

Spontaneous smile and spontaneous laugh: an intensive longitudinal case study.

One male infant was observed from the day of his birth to the end of the 6th month. Total observation days were 171 days, and total observation time was 329 h 25 min and 35s. Five hundred and sixty-five spontaneous smiles and 15 spontaneous laughs (smiles accompanied by vocal sounds) were observed.

Origins of smile and laughter: a preliminary study.

To present fundamental data, spontaneous smiles and spontaneous laughs (smiles accompanied by vocal sounds) were cross-sectionally observed in 10 newborn infants and longitudinally observed in six infants. Unilateral spontaneous smiles were more common than bilateral smiles in neonates, but by 2 months almost all spontaneous smiles were bilateral. All spontaneous laughs were bilateral.