Development of a rabbit monocyte activation test as an alternative to the rabbit pyrogen test and its application in the analysis of plasma-derived products.

The rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) is a safety test conducted as a part of mandatory requirements of regulatory agencies. RPT is currently performed for routine quality control (QC) by manufacturers and for national lot release of biological products, such as plasma-derived products. However, RPT involves the use of many rabbits, counter to the international efforts to minimize the use of animals in research.

Standardization of the first Korean national reference standard for snake () antivenom.

In 2017, the second national reference standard (NRS) for Gloydius snake venom was established to replace the first NRS for Gloydius snake venom. In connection with the second venom NRS, a candidate for the first NRS for Gloydius snake antivenom was produced in 2017. In this study, the qualification of the candidate was estimated and the potency was determined by a collaborative study.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second Korean National Reference Standard for Snake Venom.

In 2015, a candidate for the second national reference standard (NRS) of Gloydius snake venom was produced to replace the first NRS of Gloydius snake venom. In the present study, the potencies of the candidate were determined by a collaborative study, and the qualification of the candidate was estimated. The potencies of the candidate were determined by measuring the murine lethal titers and lapine hemorrhagic titers of venom against the regional working reference standard (RWRS) for antivenom using the methods described in the previous report for the first NRS of Gloydius snake venom.

Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated lesions produced by co-infection between two genotypes of PCV2 and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The objective of this study was to compare the virulence and pathogenicity of a combination of concurrent infections of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of PCV2 viraemia, and PCV2-associated lesions and antigens in co-infected pigs. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 (or type 2) PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean clinical respiratory scores and lower average daily weight gain compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b).

Evaluation of commercial polyclonal- and monoclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical tests for 2 genotypes of Porcine circovirus type 2 and comparison with in-situ hybridization assays.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate polyclonal- and monoclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical (IHC) tests for the detection of 2 genotypes of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a and b, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph-node tissue from pigs with experimental or natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and to compare the IHC results with those of in-situ hybridization (ISH) assays. The ISH assays proved more sensitive than the IHC tests for the detection of PCV2a and PCV2b. According to these findings, polyclonal-antibody-based IHC testing is the most practical routine diagnostic method for the detection of PCV2 regardless of genotype because IHC testing is less technically complex than ISH testing.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a new modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine (Fostera PRRS) against heterologous PRRSV challenge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a new modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine (Fostera PRRS, Zoetis, Florham, NJ, USA) that was based on a virulent US PRRSV isolate (P129) attenuated using CD163-expressing cell lines. Sixty-four PRRSV-seronegative 3-week-old pigs were randomly divided into the following four groups: vaccinated challenged (group 1), vaccinated unchallenged (group 2), unvaccinated challenged (group 3), and unvaccinated unchallenged (group 4). The pigs in groups 1 and 2 were immunized with a 2.

Comparative analyses of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses upon vaccination with different commercially available single-dose porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines.

The objective of this study was to compare the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by four commercially available single-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) vaccines. A total of 50 3-week-old piglets were assigned to five groups (10 pigs per group). Four commercial PCV-2 vaccines were administered according to the manufacturer's instructions and the piglets were observed for 154 days post vaccination (dpv).

Clinical, virological, immunological and pathological evaluation of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines.

The objective of this study was to rigorously compare the efficacy of four porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines of varying antigen type and dose under experimental conditions based on well-defined clinical (average daily weight gain [ADWG]), virological (evidence of viraemia), immunological (presence of PCV2-specific neutralising antibodies [NA], interferon-γ-secreting cells [IFN-γ-SCs], and CD3(+) and CD4(+) T cell subsets), and pathological (lymphoid lesion and PCV2 antigen score) criteria. A total of 60, 3-week old piglets were assigned to six groups of 10/group and were vaccinated either with 1/4 commercially available one-dose vaccines or were not vaccinated. At 7 weeks of age, vaccinated and control animals were inoculated intranasally with 2 mL of PCV2b.

Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets born from naturally PCV2-infected sows against postnatal PCV2 challenge. The experimental design was aimed at mimicking commercial swine rearing conditions to evaluate the response of the PCV2 vaccine on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. PCV2a (or 2b)-viremic piglets received a PCV2 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a PCV2b (or 2a) challenge at 49 days of age (28 days post vaccination).

Vaccination of sows against type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) before artificial insemination protects against type 2 PRRSV challenge but does not protect against type 1 PRRSV challenge in late gestation.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the commercially available type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-based modified live vaccine against type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge in pregnant sows. Half of the sows in the study were vaccinated with a type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine 4 weeks prior to artificial insemination while the other half remained non-vaccinated. Sows were then challenged intranasally with type 1 or type 2 PRRSV at 93 days of gestation.

Therapeutic effect of Broussonetia papyrifera and Lonicera japonica in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. and Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Comparison of four commercial one-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines administered to pigs challenged with PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at 17 weeks postvaccination to control porcine respiratory disease complex under Korean field conditions.

Under Korean field conditions, coinfection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is most commonly observed in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Despite the wide use of PCV2 vaccination, PRDC remains a serious respiratory problem. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of 4 one-dose PCV2 vaccines on 3-week-old pigs with an experimental PCV2-PRRSV challenge at 17 weeks postvaccination.

Efficacy of a piglet-specific commercial inactivated vaccine against Porcine circovirus type 2 in clinical field trials.

The efficacy of a piglet-specific inactivated Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine was evaluated with clinical field trials, as recommended by the Republic of Korea's Animal, Plant & Fisheries Quarantine & Inspection Agency. Three farms were selected on the basis of their history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. On each farm 60, 1-week-old pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups: vaccination at 1 and 3 wk of age or no vaccination.

Program of vaccination and antibiotic treatment to control polyserositis caused by Haemophilus parasuis under field conditions.

The present study investigated the effects of vaccinating sows and piglets or piglets alone against Haemophilus parasuis on the prevalence of H. parasuis in nasal swabs, on the humoral and cellular immune responses, and on the production parameters of piglets at 3 Korean farms with a clinical history of polyserositis caused by H. parasuis.

Comparative pathogenesis of type 1 (European genotype) and type 2 (North American genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected boar.

Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) now has two main genotypes, genotype 1 (European) and genotype 2 (North American). There is a lack of data on the comparison of pathogenicity of the two genotypes in boars. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the amount of PRRSV present in semen over time and compare the viral distribution and microscopic lesions of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-infected boars.

Comparison of three commercial one-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2 shedding in semen from experimentally infected boars.

This study compared the effects of 3 different types of commercial PCV2 vaccines on PCV2 virus shedding in the semen from infected boars. Twenty-five non-PCV2 viremic and seronegative boars were randomly divided into five groups: three vaccinated and challenged groups, a non-vaccinated and challenged group, and a negative control group. The number of genomic copies of PCV2 in serum and semen samples was significantly decreased in vaccinated and challenged boars compared to non-vaccinated and challenged boars from 14 to 70 days post-inoculation (dpi).

Comparative effects of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a PCV2-PRRSV challenge model.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccinations in an experimental PCV2-PRRSV challenge model, based on virological (viremia), immunological (neutralizing antibodies [NAs], gamma interferon-secreting cells [IFN-γ-SCs], and CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive cells), and pathological (lesions and antigens in lymph nodes and lungs) evaluations. A total of 72 pigs were randomly divided into 9 groups (8 pigs per group): 5 vaccinated and challenged groups, 3 nonvaccinated and challenged groups, and a negative-control group. Vaccination against PCV2 induced immunological responses (NAs and PCV2-specific IFN-γ-SCs) and reduced PCV2 viremia, PCV2-induced lesions, and PCV2 antigens in the dually infected pigs.

Optimized protocol for multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction to detect and differentiate Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from pigs with polyserositis.

An optimized protocol was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method also determines the prevalence of these bacteria in pigs with polyserositis. DNA extraction with a combination of a commercial reagent and proteinase K resulted in more frequent detection of the pathogens than DNA extraction with proteinase K alone.

Reduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia by a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity after experimental PCV2 challenge.

Background: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms by which a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine reduces the PCV2 viremia. Forty PCV2 seronegative 3-week-old pigs were randomly divided into the following four groups: vaccinated challenged (T01), vaccinated non-challenged (T02), non-vaccinated challenged (T03), and non-vaccinated non-challenged (T04) animals. The pigs in groups T01 and T02 were immunized with a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine (Fostera™ PCV; Pfizer Animal Health) administered as a 2.

Comparison of cell-mediated immunity induced by three commercial single-dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins in pigs.

This study was to compare the degree of cell-mediated immunity induced by three commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins using interferon-γ (IFN-γ) measurements, lymphocyte stimulation assays and delayed-type hypersensitivity tests. Serum IFN-γ levels were significantly elevated in all four vaccinated pig groups at 21 days post-vaccination (P<0.05).

Efficacy of a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine based on clinical, virological, pathological and immunological examination under field conditions.

Inactivated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) 1-2 vaccine was initially taken off the market due to concerns that the vaccine virus was not killed and thus further replicated and spread in the pig population. In August 2011, a reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine re-entered the market. The efficacy of the reformulated inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine was evaluated under field conditions for registration as recommended by the Republic of Korea's Animal, Plant & Fisheries Quarantine & Inspection Agency.

GOLGA2/GM130, cis-Golgi matrix protein, is a novel target of anticancer gene therapy.

Achievement of long-term survival of patients with lung cancer treated with conventional chemotherapy is still difficult for treatment of metastatic and advanced tumors. Despite recent progress in investigational therapies, survival rates are still disappointingly low and novel adjuvant and systemic therapies are urgently needed. A recently elucidated secretory pathway is attracting considerable interest as a promising anticancer target.

Evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry for the detection of European and North American Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and a comparison with in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

The objective of the present study was to compare the ability of 2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; SDOW17 and SR30) to detect types 1 and 2 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to compare the immunohistochemical results with in situ hybridization (ISH) and reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) detection techniques. Lungs from 30 experimentally infected pigs (15 pigs with each genotype of PRRSV) and 20 naturally infected pigs (10 pigs with each genotype of PRRSV) with types 1 and 2 PRRSV, respectively, were used for the IHC, ISH, and RT-nPCR analyses. The SR30 mAb-based IHC detected significantly more type 1 PRRSV-positive cells in the accessory and caudal lobes from the experimentally infected pigs at 7 (P = 0.

Protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-specific cellular immune response in piglets by dam vaccination against PCV2 challenge.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate (i) the passive transfer of maternally derived functional porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-specific lymphocytes of seronegative sows immunized with the PCV2 vaccine to newborn piglets and (ii) the functional role of the maternally derived PCV2-specific cellular immune response in protecting newborn piglets from challenge with PCV2. After ingesting colostrums, piglets from vaccinated sows (PT01 and PT02) have significantly higher numbers of PCV2-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells, an increased PCV2-specific delayed type hypersensitivity response, and a stronger proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with piglets from non-vaccinated seronegative sows (PT03 and PT04). In the PCV2 challenge study, the number of serum genomic PCV2 copies was significantly less in piglets from vaccinated sows (PT02) compared with piglets from non-vaccinated sows (PT04) at 7-28 days post-inoculation (P<0.

Effects of North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-based modified live vaccines on preimmunized sows artificially inseminated with European PRRSV-spiked semen.

The objective of the present study was to determine if the European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted via spiked semen to preimmunized sows and induce reproductive failure. Sows were immunized with the North American PRRSV-based modified live vaccine (Ingelvac PRRS MLV; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, St. Joseph, MO) and were artificially inseminated.