Recent progress in cancer vaccines and nanovaccines.

Vaccine science, nanotechnology, and immunotherapy are at the forefront of cancer treatment strategies, each offering significant potential for enhancing tumor-specific immunity and establishing long-lasting immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence. Despite the promise of these personalized and precision-based anti-cancer approaches, challenges such as immunosuppression, suboptimal immune activation, and T-cell exhaustion continue to hinder their effectiveness. The limited clinical success of cancer vaccines often stems from difficulties in identifying effective antigens, efficiently targeting immune cells, lymphoid organs, and the tumor microenvironment, overcoming immune evasion, enhancing immunogenicity, and avoiding lysosomal degradation.

Aero-manufacture of nanobulges for an in-place anticoronaviral on air filters.

The interest in removing contagious viruses from indoor air using ventilation and filtration systems is increasing rapidly because people spend most of the day indoors. The development of an effective platform to regenerate the antiviral function of air filters during use and safe abrogation of used filters containing infectious viruses is a challenging task, because an on-demand safe-by-design manufacture system is essential for in-place antiviral coatings, but it has been rarely investigated. With these considerations, an electrically operable dispenser was prepared for decorating continuous ultrafine Fe-Zn, Fe-Ag, or Fe-Cu particles (<5 nm) onto SiO nanobeads (ca.

Modified Aerotaxy for the Plug-in Manufacture of Cell-Penetrating Fenton Nanoagents for Reinforcing Chemodynamic Cancer Therapy.

The assemblies of anisotropic nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in advanced tumor therapeutics because of the extended surfaces for loading of active molecules and the extraordinary responses to external stimuli for combinatorial therapies. These nanomaterials were usually constructed through templated or seed-mediated hydrothermal reactions, but the lack of uniformity in size and morphology, as well as the process complexities from multiple separation and purification steps, impede their practical use in cancer nanotherapy. Gas-phase epitaxy, also called aerotaxy (AT), has been introduced as an innovative method for the continuous assembly of anisotropic nanomaterials with a uniform distribution.

Streamlined plug-in aerosol prototype for reconfigurable manufacture of nano-drug delivery systems.

The significant advances in nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) for anticancer agents have led to the development of computational techniques, such as machine learning and neural networks to identify the optimal architectural and compositional design in a wide variety of therapeutic nanoformulations. On the other hand, few studies have examined downsized plug-in reaction-ware embodied in an autonomous platform for the instant reconfigurable production of engineered nanomaterials to guide optimal NDDS designs and delivery strategies. This paper describes an on-demand system for an electrically operable, continuously processible material produced by sequential spray pyrolysis and vibrating spray for single-pass NDDS assembly.

Recent progress in stimuli-responsive nanosystems for inducing immunogenic cell death.

Low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments are major hurdles in the application of cancer immunotherapy. To date, several immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers have been reported to boost cancer immunotherapy by triggering ICD. ICD is characterized by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor associated antigens which will generate anticancer immunity by triggering adaptive immune cells.

Combination chemotherapeutic and immune-therapeutic anticancer approach via anti-PD-L1 antibody conjugated albumin nanoparticles.

Anticancer regimens have been substantially enriched through monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. Inconsistent clinical efficacy after solo immunotherapy may be compensated by nanotechnology-driven combination therapy. We loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles with paclitaxel (PTX) via nanoparticle albumin-bound technology and pooled them with anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody through a pH-sensitive linker for targeting and immune response activation.

Hypoxia-Mediated ROS Amplification Triggers Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death PD-L1/ROS-Responsive, Dual-Targeted, Drug-Laden Thioketal Nanoparticles.

Amalgamation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive stimulus with nanoparticles has gained considerable interest owing to their high tumor specificity. Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the acceleration of intracellular ROS production. Herein, we report the construction of a cancer cell (PD-L1)- and ROS-responsive, dual-targeted, temozolomide (TMZ)-laden nanosystem which offers a better anticancer effect in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment.

Redox/photo dual-responsive, self-targeted, and photosensitizer-laden bismuth sulfide nanourchins for combination therapy in cancer.

Targeted and stimuli-sensitive nanobombs for the release of therapeutic agents after laser irradiation of the tumor site are gaining widespread attention as personalized anticancer regimens. In this study, redox and photo dual-responsive, folate receptor-targeted nanourchin carriers for chemo-, photodynamic, and photothermal therapy were constructed by the amalgamation of an outer layer of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-S-S-methotrexate (MTX) and an inner core of indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanoparticles for cancer treatment. MTX introduces the carrier to folate receptors resulting in the internalization of nanoparticles into cancer cells, specifically and increasingly.

Localized therapy using anti-PD-L1 anchored and NIR-responsive hollow gold nanoshell (HGNS) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) for the treatment of locally advanced melanoma.

Drug resistance and inefficient localization of chemotherapeutic agent limit the current treatment strategy in locally advanced melanoma (MEL), accounting to the 10-year survival rate from 24% to 68%. In this study we constructed anti-PD-L1 conjugated and doxorubicin loaded hollow gold nanoshell (T-HGNS-DOX) for targeted and localized chemo-photothermal therapy of MEL by the conjugation of LA-PEG-anti-PD-L1 antibody and short PEG chain on the surface of HGNS-DOX. Near infrared (NIR) as well as pH dependent drug release profile was observed.

Macrophage-Membrane-Camouflaged Disintegrable and Excretable Nanoconstruct for Deep Tumor Penetration.

The consolidation of nanovectors with biological membranes has recently been a subject of interest owing to the prolonged systemic circulation time and delayed clearance by the reticuloendothelial system of such systems. Among the different biomembranes, the macrophage membrane has a similar systemic circulation time, with an additional chemotactic aptitude, targeting integrin proteins. In this study, we aimed to establish a laser-activated, disintegrable, and deeply tumor-penetrative nanoplatform.

Photothermally Modulatable and Structurally Disintegratable Sub-8-nm AuAg Embedded Nanoblocks for Combination Cancer Therapy Produced by Plug-in Assembly.

As well as the exploration of translatable delivery nanosystems for cancer therapeutic agents, the development of automatable continuous-flow manufacturing technology comprising digitally controlled reactions for the on-demand production of pharmaceuticals is an important challenge in anticancer nanomedicine. Most attempts to resolve these issues have involved the development of alternative reactions, formulations, or constructs containing stimulus components aimed at producing multiple approaches for highly efficacious combination cancer therapies. However, there has been no report of a platform based on plug-in execution that enables continuous-flow manufacture in a compact, reconfigurable manner, although an optimal platform technology may be a prerequisite for the timely translation of recently developed nanomedicines.

Stealth Polymer-Coated Graphene Oxide Decorated Mesoporous Titania Nanoplatforms for In Vivo Chemo-Photodynamic Cancer Therapy.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to develop chemotherapeutic drug-loaded photoactivable stealth polymer-coated silica based- mesoporous titania nanoplatforms for enhanced antitumor activity.

Methods: Both in vitro and in vivo models of solvothermal treated photoactivable nanoplatforms were evaluated for efficient chemo-photothermal activity. A versatile nanocomposite that combined silica based- mesoporous titania nanocarriers (S-MTN) with the promising photoactivable agent, graphene oxide (G) modified with a stealth polymer (P) was fabricated to deliver chemotherapeutic agent, imatinib (I), (referred as S-MTN@IG-P) for near-infrared (NIR)-triggered drug delivery and enhanced chemo-photothermal therapy.

Dual stimuli-responsive ursolic acid-embedded nanophytoliposome for targeted antitumor therapy.

The hindrances in achieving clinically translatable anticancer platforms are being tackled through nanotechnology-based formulations. In this study, stimuli-responsive, phytoactive constituent-loaded nanophytoliposomes were fabricated for designing a specific antitumor platform. Ursolic acid (UA)-loaded nanophytoliposomes (UA-PLL-HA.

Folate-targeted nanostructured chitosan/chondroitin sulfate complex carriers for enhanced delivery of bortezomib to colorectal cancer cells.

Folate-targeting self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) using biocompatible and biodegradable natural polymers chitosan (Cs) and chondroitin sulfate (Chs) were developed to address the major challenge in cancer treatment, the selective delivery of nanoparticles to the target site. In this study, we successfully incorporated a hydrophobic drug, bortezomib (Bor), into folic acid (FA)-conjugated Cs/Chs self-assembled NPs (Bor/Cs/Chs-FA) for colorectal cancer therapy. The particle size and polydispersity index of Bor/Cs/Chs-FA were ∼196.

Polypeptide Derivative of Metformin with the Combined Advantage of a Gene Carrier and Anticancer Activity.

Metformin (MET) is a common treatment for type II diabetes. Here, we demonstrate the anticancer activity of a polymeric metformin derivative. We successfully synthesized the polypeptide (poly-l-lysine [PLL]) derivative of metformin (LysMET) and demonstrated its capacity as an anticancer therapeutic and gene carrier.

Copper sulfide: An emerging adaptable nanoplatform in cancer theranostics.

Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs), emerging nanoplatforms with dual diagnostic and therapeutic applications, are being actively investigated in this era of "war on cancer" owing to their versatility and adaptability. This article discusses the pros and cons of using CuS NPs in diagnostics, therapeutics, and theranostics. The first section introduces CuS NPs and discusses the features that render them more advantageous than other established nanoplatforms in cancer management.

Aerosol technique-based carbon-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy.

Near-infrared (NIR)-responsive drug delivery systems have enhanced tumor ablative efficiency through permeation and retention effects. Graphene oxide (GO) has shown great potential both in photothermal therapy and in drug delivery. Thus, in this study, we designed an ambient spark-generated GO, wrapped on topotecan (TPT)-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN-NH2-TPT-CGO), to function as an efficient platform for pH-dependent sustained release of TPT.

Combination of NIR therapy and regulatory T cell modulation using layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles for effective cancer photoimmunotherapy.

The efficacy of combined near-infrared (NIR) and immune therapies for inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence has gained increasing research attention. Regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment constitute a major obstacle in achieving robust CD8 T cell antitumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we designed a photoimmunotherapy-based strategy involving a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapies, followed by Treg cell suppression, for eliciting an immune response with IR-780- and imatinib-loaded layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles.