Aim: To estimate the incidence and prevalence of nephropathy and investigate whether high and fluctuating HbA levels were associated with development of nephropathy among T1 diabetes individuals in Rwanda.
Methods: From 2009 to 2018, 471 T1 diabetes individuals from Rwanda were assessed for nephropathy (albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g). We calculated the mean HbA (HbA-MEAN) and two measures of HbA variability, i.