Cognitive Restructuring Before Versus After Exposure: Effect on Expectancy and Outcome in Individuals With Claustrophobia.

Maximizing the discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes during exposure (i.e., expectancy violation) is thought to optimize inhibitory learning.

Clinical Perfectionism, Dissatisfaction With Standards, and Raising the Bar: Validation of the Response to Goal Achievement Scale.

Objectives: To examine the factor structure and psychometrics of a new self-report scale measuring cognitive and behavioral reactions to goal achievement (Reactions to Goal Achievement Scale; RGAS), and to examine its relationship to other measures of clinical perfectionism in two samples. Self-reported reasons for setting higher standards following successful goal achievement were also examined.

Methods: The RGAS, Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) and Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) were administered to a sample on Amazon Mechanical Turk ( = 264) and to a sample of overweight individuals ( = 65).