Parasite-offspring competition for female resources can explain male-biased parasitism in plants.

Male-biased susceptibility to parasites is common in dioecious plants. However, why males have higher parasite loads than females is unclear. Unlike males, females must subsidize post-fertilization costs of reproduction (e.

Determination of the water gap and the germination ecology of (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae); the adaptive role of physical dormancy in mimetic seeds.

Dormancy caused by impermeable seed coats, i.e. physical dormancy (PY), regulates the timing of seed germination in species of several genera belonging to 18 angiosperm families.

Drivers of aggregation in a novel arboreal parasite: the influence of host size and infra-populations.

As a novel arboreal parasite, New Zealand's largest endemic moth, Aenetus virescens, is a biological oddity. With arguably the most unusual lepidopteran life history on earth, larvae grow to 100mm, spending ∼6 years as wood-boring parasites feeding on host tree phloem. Parasite fitness is a product of host suitability.