Estimating the potential public health impact of fibre enrichment: a UK modelling study.

For improving human health, reformulation can be a tool as it allows individuals to consume products of choice while reducing intake of less desirable nutrients, such as sugars and fats, and potentially increasing intake of beneficial nutrients such as fibre. The potential effects of reformulating foods with increased fibre on diet and health need to be better understood. The objective of this statistical modelling study was to understand how fibre enrichment can affect the diet and health of consumers.

Comparison of the effects of soluble corn fiber and fructooligosaccharides on metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiome of high-fat diet-fed mice.

Dietary fibers are essential components of a balanced diet and have beneficial effects on metabolic functions. To gain insight into their impact on host physiology and gut microbiota, we performed a direct comparison of two specific prebiotic fibers in mice. During an 8-wk follow up, mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were compared with mice on a normal diet (basal condition, controls) and to mice fed the HFD but treated with one of the following prebiotics: fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or soluble corn fiber (SCF).

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study to Determine the Available Energy from Soluble Fiber.

Objective: Determining the available energy (caloric value) of dietary non-digestible fibers that are fermented to varying degrees by intestinal microbes and metabolized to short chain fatty acids is important for provision of accurate information to food and beverage manufacturers for reformulation and labeling purposes. The objective of this human study was to determine the available energy of soluble fiber products by measuring post consumption breath hydrogen, with inulin as a control.

Methods: PROMITOR Soluble Corn Fiber 70 (SCF70) and PROMITOR Soluble Corn Fiber 85B (SCF85B) are Tate & Lyle dietary fiber products with 70% and 85% fiber, respectively.

Bacterial Prostatitis Enhances 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine (PhIP)-Induced Cancer at Multiple Sites.

Dietary carcinogens, such as 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and chronic inflammation have each been implicated as etiologic agents in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that bacterial prostatitis would accelerate PhIP-induced preinvasive lesions in the rat prostate. Male Fischer 344 rats were assigned into 4 groups: Control (untreated), PhIP (200 ppm in the diet for 20 weeks), Escherichia coli (E.

Dietary chemoprevention of PhIP induced carcinogenesis in male Fischer 344 rats with tomato and broccoli.

The heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-B]pyridine (PhIP), found in meats cooked at high temperatures, has been implicated in epidemiological and rodent studies for causing breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. A previous animal study using a xenograft model has shown that whole tomato and broccoli, when eaten in combination, exhibit a marked effect on tumor reduction compared to when eaten alone. Our aim was to determine if PhIP-induced carcinogenesis can be prevented by dietary consumption of whole tomato + broccoli powders.

Reverse-phase HPLC analysis and purification of small molecules.

Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is utilized for the separation of molecules due to their polarity in order to quantify, identify, and/or purify various samples such as those from serum, human and animal tissues, drugs, and foods. The following protocols are for extracting carotenoids from samples and subsequent HPLC analysis. If you are interested in another compound for HPLC analysis, Sigma-Aldrich® has a wonderful online resource for multiple adaptations to the HPLC protocol for the analysis of hundreds of compounds (see References).

Preparation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue for immunohistochemistry.

The purpose of this protocol is to take any biopsy or whole organ tissue from animals or human, formalin-fix the specimen to preserve the current state of the tissue, and embed it into a paraffin block and for future immunohistochemistry experiments (If you intend to fix cells, check the alternative protocols: Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using Cytospin, Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using Chamber Slides and Coverslips, or Preparation of Cells for Microscopy using 'Cell Blocks').

General PCR.

The primary purpose of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is to rapidly make many copies of a specific region of DNA or RNA so that it can be adequately detected, often by agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR is routinely used to amplify, modify, and clone genes for expression studies. There are many other applications for PCR, including paternity testing, biological relationships, mouse genotyping, diagnosing genetic diseases, forensics, and finding bacteria and viruses.

Explanatory chapter: troubleshooting PCR.

The purpose of this chapter is to assist with any problems you are having with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol from General PCR.

Selenium, but not lycopene or vitamin E, decreases growth of transplantable dunning R3327-H rat prostate tumors.

Background: Lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E are three micronutrients commonly consumed and supplemented by men diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, it is not clear whether consumption of these compounds, alone or in combination, results in improved outcomes.

Methodology/principal Findings: We evaluated the effects of dietary lycopene (250 mg/kg diet), selenium (methylselenocysteine, 1 mg/kg diet), and vitamin E (gamma-tocopherol, 200 mg/kg diet) alone and in combination on the growth of androgen-dependent Dunning R3327-H rat prostate adenocarcinomas in male, Copenhagen rats.

Combinations of tomato and broccoli enhance antitumor activity in dunning r3327-h prostate adenocarcinomas.

The consumption of diets containing 5 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables daily is the foundation of public health recommendations for cancer prevention, yet this concept has not been tested in experimental models of prostate cancer. We evaluated combinations of tomato and broccoli in the Dunning R3327-H prostate adenocarcinoma model. Male Copenhagen rats (n=206) were fed diets containing 10% tomato, 10% broccoli, 5% tomato plus 5% broccoli (5:5 combination), 10% tomato plus 10% broccoli (10:10 combination) powders, or lycopene (23 or 224 nmol/g diet) for approximately 22 weeks starting 1 month prior to receiving s.

Lycopenoids: are lycopene metabolites bioactive?

In vitro lycopene is the most potent antioxidant among carotenoids. While antioxidant function may be relevant to health, we hypothesize that metabolites of lycopene may be bioactive and responsible for the beneficial effects of tomato product consumption. We term these metabolites "lycopenoids," which we believe may be produced from carotenoid monooxygenase (CMO) II, paralleling the production of retinoids from beta-carotene by CMO I.

The tomato as a functional food.

Tomatoes are the fourth most commonly consumed fresh vegetable and the most frequently consumed canned vegetable in the American diet. There is emerging epidemiology data supporting the connection between increased tomato consumption and reduced risk for both cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. Here we will summarize the nutrient and the phytochemical content of tomatoes and tomato products, and how these bioactive components might act together to modulate disease development.

Tomato phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk.

Mounting evidence over the past decade suggests that the consumption of fresh and processed tomato products is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. The emerging hypothesis is that lycopene, the primary red carotenoid in tomatoes, may be the principle phytochemical responsible for this reduction in risk. A number of potential mechanisms by which lycopene may act have emerged, including serving as an important in vivo antioxidant, enhancing cell-to-cell communication via increasing gap junctions between cells, and modulating cell-cycle progression.