Long-Term Safety and Clinical Outcomes with Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart Treatment in Japanese Patients with Diabetes: A Real-World, Prospective, Observational Study.

Introduction: Insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) provides effective glycaemic control with an acceptable safety profile in Japanese patients with diabetes in randomised clinical trials. This post-marketing surveillance study assessed long-term safety and clinical outcomes with IDegAsp in a Japanese real-world setting.

Methods: Multicentre, prospective, observational, open-label, single-arm study of Japanese patients with diabetes requiring insulin therapy, who had switched to IDegAsp at their treating physician's discretion in clinical practice.

CAPTURE: a multinational, cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with type 2 diabetes across 13 countries.

Background: There is a paucity of global data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary objective of the CAPTURE study was to estimate the prevalence of established CVD and its management in adults with T2D across 13 countries from five continents. Additional objectives were to further characterize the study sample regarding demographics, clinical parameters and medication usage, with particular reference to blood glucose-lowering agents (GLAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors) with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in randomized intervention trials.

Body mass index and risk of obesity-related conditions in a cohort of 2.9 million people: Evidence from a UK primary care database.

Objective: Obesity rates in the United Kingdom are some of the highest in Western Europe, with considerable clinical and societal impacts. Obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality; however, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence of multiple obesity-related outcomes in the same patient population. This study was designed to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and a broad range of obesity-related conditions in the same large cohort from a UK-representative primary care database.

Complication-specific direct medical costs by body mass index for 13 obesity-related complications: a retrospective database study.

Obesity, a multifactorial disease associated with many severe complications, affects more than 40% of adults in the United States. To quantify the cost burden of 13 obesity-related complications (ORCs), overall and by body mass index (BMI) class. Adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with ≥ 1 medical claim with an ICD-9/10 diagnosis code for the ORC of interest were identified using linked data from IQVIA's Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records and PharMetrics Plus.

Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy and Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children in Europe.

Background: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may increase attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children, but findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to study this association in a collaborative study of eight European population-based birth/child cohorts, including 29,127 mother-child pairs.

Methods: Air pollution concentrations (nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and particulate matter [PM]) were estimated at the birth address by land-use regression models based on monitoring campaigns performed between 2008 and 2011.

Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Incidence of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in 15 European Cohorts within the ESCAPE Project.

Background: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent.

Objective: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women.

Methods: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts – Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of brain tumor: the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).

Background: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and brain tumor risk is sparse and inconsistent.

Methods: In 12 cohorts from 6 European countries, individual estimates of annual mean air pollution levels at the baseline residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5, ≤10, and 2.

Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts.

Background: Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.

Objective: To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and BC incidence.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and traffic noise and incident hypertension in seven cohorts of the European study of cohorts for air pollution effects (ESCAPE).

Aims: We investigated whether traffic-related air pollution and noise are associated with incident hypertension in European cohorts.

Methods And Results: We included seven cohorts of the European study of cohorts for air pollution effects (ESCAPE). We modelled concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.

Ambient air pollution and primary liver cancer incidence in four European cohorts within the ESCAPE project.

Background: Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk of cancer in the liver, but little is known about the possible risk associated with exposure to ambient air pollution.

Objectives: We evaluated the association between residential exposure to air pollution and primary liver cancer incidence.

Methods: We obtained data from four cohorts with enrolment during 1985-2005 in Denmark, Austria and Italy.

The Influence of Meteorological Factors and Atmospheric Pollutants on the Risk of Preterm Birth.

Atmospheric pollutants and meteorological conditions are suspected to be causes of preterm birth. We aimed to characterize their possible association with the risk of preterm birth (defined as birth occurring before 37 completed gestational weeks). We pooled individual data from 13 birth cohorts in 11 European countries (71,493 births from the period 1994-2011, European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)).

Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts.

Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the residence and the incidence of kidney parenchyma cancer in the general population. We used data from 14 European cohorts from the ESCAPE study.

Urinary Cadmium and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Danish Cohort Study.

Background: Cadmium is a human lung carcinogen, and recent evidence suggests it may play a role in hormone-related cancers because of its estrogenic activity. Case-control studies consistently show higher cadmium concentrations in urine from women diagnosed with breast cancer compared with control women. Our aim was to investigate the association between urinary cadmium and breast cancer in a prospective design.

Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A European Nested Case-Control Study.

Background: Industrialization has been linked to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Aim: We investigated the association between air pollution exposure and IBD.

Methods: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort was used to identify cases with Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 38) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 104) and controls (n = 568) from Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the UK, matched for center, gender, age, and date of recruitment.

Exposure to long-term air pollution and road traffic noise in relation to cholesterol: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Exposure to traffic noise and air pollution have both been associated with cardiovascular disease, though the mechanisms behind are not yet clear.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate whether the two exposures were associated with levels of cholesterol in a cross-sectional design.

Methods: In 1993–1997, 39,863 participants aged 50–64 year and living in the Greater Copenhagen area were enrolled in a population-based cohort study.

Dietary Intake Estimates and Urinary Cadmium Levels in Danish Postmenopausal Women.

Background: Cadmium is a known carcinogen that can disrupt endocrine signalling. Cigarette smoking and food are the most common routes of non-occupational exposure to cadmium. Cadmium accumulates in the kidney and can be measured in urine, making urine cadmium (U-Cd) a biomarker of long-term exposure.

Residential Exposure to Road and Railway Noise and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Few modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer are known. Recently, disruption of the circadian system has been proposed to affect risk, as it entails an inhibited melatonin production, and melatonin has demonstrated beneficial effects on cancer inhibition. This suggests a potential role of traffic noise in prostate cancer.

Long-term Exposure to Particulate Matter Constituents and the Incidence of Coronary Events in 11 European Cohorts.

Background: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality but little is known about the role of the chemical composition of PM. This study examined the association of residential long-term exposure to PM components with incident coronary events.

Methods: Eleven cohorts from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Italy participated in this analysis.

Dietary cadmium intake and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish prospective cohort study.

Background: Cadmium is classified as a human lung carcinogen based on evidence from high-exposure occupational settings. Though cadmium has no physiological role, increasing evidence suggests cadmium may mimic steroid hormones. This dual ability of being carcinogenic and hormone-like makes cadmium a concern for hormone-related cancers.

Natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to particle components: an analysis of 19 European cohorts within the multi-center ESCAPE project.

Background: Studies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality.

Objectives: Our aim was to study the association between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter.

Development of land use regression models for elemental, organic carbon, PAH, and hopanes/steranes in 10 ESCAPE/TRANSPHORM European study areas.

Land use regression (LUR) models have been used to model concentrations of mainly traffic-related air pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) mass or absorbance). Few LUR models are published of PM composition, whereas the interest in health effects related to particle composition is increasing. The aim of our study was to evaluate LUR models of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), hopanes/steranes, and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) content of PM2.

Dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in Danish postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study.

Purpose: Cadmium is a human lung carcinogen and possesses estrogen-like activity. This combination of carcinogenic and estrogenic activity makes cadmium a contaminant of high concern for hormone-related cancers. Diet and smoking are the main sources of cadmium exposure.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of cerebrovascular events: results from 11 European cohorts within the ESCAPE project.

Background: Few studies have investigated effects of air pollution on the incidence of cerebrovascular events.

Objectives: We assessed the association between long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants and the incidence of stroke in European cohorts.

Methods: Data from 11 cohorts were collected, and occurrence of a first stroke was evaluated.

Performance of multi-city land use regression models for nitrogen dioxide and fine particles.

Background: Land use regression (LUR) models have been developed mostly to explain intraurban variations in air pollution based on often small local monitoring campaigns. Transferability of LUR models from city to city has been investigated, but little is known about the performance of models based on large numbers of monitoring sites covering a large area.

Objectives: We aimed to develop European and regional LUR models and to examine their transferability to areas not used for model development.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts.

Background: Air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but it remains unclear as to whether specific pollutants are related to specific cardiovascular causes of death. Within the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we investigated the associations of long-term exposure to several air pollutants with all cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, as well as with specific cardiovascular causes of death.

Methods: Data from 22 European cohort studies were used.